{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T11:13:38Z","timestamp":1756898018501,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582502400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper studies a new wireless surveillance scenario, where a legitimate monitor attempts to eavesdrop on the dubious messages forwarded by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided suspicious relay. Specifically, we consider two relaying protocols commonly used by the UAV-aided relay, namely, amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF). For each relaying protocol, we maximize the average effective eavesdropping rate by optimizing the legitimate monitor\u2019s jamming power allocation, subject to the average power constraint. The optimal jamming power allocation solutions are derived in closed-form for each of the two protocols, respectively. Numerical results show that the proposed proactive eavesdropping approach can noticeably improve the eavesdropping rate compared to the reference schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-1650-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T17:08:30Z","timestamp":1582564110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Proactive eavesdropping in UAV-aided mobile relay systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiquan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1650_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7470933","volume":"54","author":"Y. Zeng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y. Zeng, R. Zhang, T. J. Lim, Wireless communications with unmanned aerial vehicles: opportunities and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag.54(5), 36\u201342 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"4","key":"1650_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2902559","volume":"18","author":"Y. Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y. Zeng, J. Xu, R. Zhang, Energy minimization for wireless communication with rotary-wing UAV. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.18(4), 2329\u20132345 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"1650_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2838134","volume":"17","author":"J. Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Xu, Y. Zeng, R. Zhang, UAV-enabled wireless power transfer: trajectory design and energy optimization. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.17(8), 5092\u20135106 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"1650_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2790401","volume":"17","author":"Y. Zeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y. Zeng, X. Xu, R. Zhang, Trajectory design for completion time minimization in UAV-enabled multicasting. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.17(4), 2233\u20132246 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"1650_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2915296","volume":"8","author":"H. Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. Dai, H. Zhang, M. Hua, C. Li, Y. Huang, B. Wang, How to deploy multiple UAVs for providing communication service in an unknown region?. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett.8(4), 1276\u20131279 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"1650_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2019.03.007","volume":"34","author":"H. Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. Dai, H. Zhang, B. Wang, L. Yang, The multi-objective deployment optimization of UAV-mounted cache-enabled base stations. Physical Commun.34:, 114\u2013120 (2019).","journal-title":"Physical Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"1650_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2792014","volume":"66","author":"N. Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"N. Zhao, F. Cheng, F. R. Yu, J. Tang, Y. Chen, G. Gui, H. Sari, Caching UAV assisted secure transmission in hyper-dense networks based on interference alignment. IEEE Trans. Commun.66(5), 2281\u20132294 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"1650_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2892461","volume":"18","author":"G. Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"G. Zhang, Q. Wu, M. Cui, R. Zhang, Securing UAV communications via joint trajectory and power control. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.18(2), 1376\u20131389 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"1650_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7761","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2924180","volume":"68","author":"M. Hua","year":"2019","unstructured":"M. Hua, Y. Wang, Q. Wu, H. Dai, Y. Huang, L. Yang, Robust trajectory and transmit power design for secure UAV communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.68(8), 7761\u20137775 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"1650_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9042","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2849644","volume":"67","author":"M. Cui","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Cui, G. Zhang, Q. Wu, D. W. K. Ng, Energy-efficient cooperative secure transmission in multi-UAV-enabled wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.67(9), 9042\u20139046 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1650_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2889397","volume":"68","author":"H. Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Dai, W. Wu, B. Wang, Proactive eavesdropping in UAV-Aided suspicious communication systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.68(2), 1993\u20131997 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1650_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600279","volume":"24","author":"J. Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Xu, L. Duan, R. Zhang, Surveillance and intervention of infrastructure-free mobile communications: a new wireless security paradigm. IEEE Wirel. Commun.24(4), 152\u2013159 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"1650_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2700379","volume":"16","author":"C. Zhong","year":"2017","unstructured":"C. Zhong, X. Jiang, F. Qu, Z. Zhang, Multi-antenna wireless legitimate surveillance systems: design and performance analysis. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.16(7), 4585\u20134599 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"1650_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Li, H. Zhang, W. Wu, H. Dai, B. Wang, in 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). Proactive eavesdropping via jamming in cognitive radio networks (IEEE, 2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/glocom.2018.8647517.","DOI":"10.1109\/glocom.2018.8647517"},{"key":"1650_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Zhang, L. Duan, R. Zhang, in ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). Proactive eavesdropping of two suspicious communication links via jamming (IEEE, 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icc.2019.8761976.","DOI":"10.1109\/icc.2019.8761976"},{"issue":"7","key":"1650_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2918452","volume":"18","author":"J. Moon","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Moon, S. Lee, H. Lee, I. Lee, Proactive eavesdropping with jamming and eavesdropping mode selection. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.18(7), 3726\u20133738 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"1650_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6958","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2865305","volume":"17","author":"J. Moon","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Moon, H. Lee, C. Song, S. Kang, I. Lee, Relay-assisted proactive eavesdropping with cooperative jamming and spoofing. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.17(10), 6958\u20136971 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"1650_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6707","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2863287","volume":"17","author":"J. Moon","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Moon, H. Lee, C. Song, S. Lee, I. Lee, Proactive eavesdropping with full-duplex relay and cooperative jamming. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.17(10), 6707\u20136719 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"1650_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2815553","volume":"25","author":"S. Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. Huang, Q. Zhang, Q. Li, J. Qin, Robust proactive monitoring via jamming with deterministically bounded channel errors. IEEE Sig. Process. Lett.25(5), 690\u2013694 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Sig. Process. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"1650_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2015.2498610","volume":"5","author":"J. Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Xu, L. Duan, R. Zhang, Proactive eavesdropping via jamming for rate maximization over Rayleigh fading channels. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett.5(1), 80\u201383 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"1650_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2666138","volume":"16","author":"J. Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Xu, L. Duan, R. Zhang, Proactive eavesdropping via cognitive jamming in fading channels. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.16(5), 2790\u20132806 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"1650_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2600519","volume":"10","author":"R. Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeng Y., R. Zhang, Wireless information surveillance via proactive eavesdropping with spoofing relay. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Sig. Process.10(8), 1449\u20131461 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Sig. Process."},{"key":"1650_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. Ma, J. Xu, L. Duan, R. Zhang, in 2017 IEEE 18th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). Wireless surveillance of two-hop communications (IEEE, 2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/spawc.2017.8227700.","DOI":"10.1109\/spawc.2017.8227700"},{"issue":"6","key":"1650_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2696305","volume":"24","author":"X. Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"X. Jiang, H. Lin, C. Zhong, X. Chen, Z. Zhang, Proactive eavesdropping in relaying systems. IEEE Sig. Process. Lett.24(6), 917\u2013921 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Sig. Process. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"1650_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2727045","volume":"24","author":"D. Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Hu, Q. Zhang, P. Yang, J. Qin, Proactive monitoring via jamming in amplify-and-forward relay networks. IEEE Sig. Process. Lett.24(11), 1714\u20131718 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Sig. Process. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"1650_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2880768","volume":"68","author":"B. Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"B. Li, Y. Yao, H. Zhang, Y. Lv, Energy efficiency of proactive cooperative eavesdropping over multiple suspicious communication links. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.68(1), 420\u2013430 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"1650_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26081","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2837059","volume":"6","author":"B. Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"B. Li, Y. Yao, H. Zhang, Y. Lv, W. Zhao, Energy efficiency of proactive eavesdropping for multiple links wireless system. IEEE Access. 6:, 26081\u201326090 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"9","key":"1650_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2901821","volume":"14","author":"Y. Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y. Han, L. Duan, R. Zhang, Jamming-assisted eavesdropping over parallel fading channels. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic. Secur.14(9), 2486\u20132499 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic. Secur."},{"issue":"5","key":"1650_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2441879","volume":"65","author":"C. Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"C. Li, H. J. Yang, F. Sun, J. M. Cioffi, L. Yang, Multiuser overhearing for cooperative two-way multiantenna relays. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.65(5), 3796\u20133802 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1650_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2389826","volume":"65","author":"C. Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"C. Li, S. Zhang, P. Liu, F. Sun, J. M. Cioffi, L. Yang, Overhearing protocol design exploiting inter-cell interference in cooperative green networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.65(1), 441\u2013446 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"1650_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6765","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2472456","volume":"65","author":"C. Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"C. Li, P. Liu, C. Zou, F. Sun, J. M. Cioffi, L. Yang, Spectral-efficient cellular communications with coexistent one- and two-hop transmissions. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.65(8), 6765\u20136772 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"1650_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2014.2327317","volume":"61","author":"C. Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. Li, F. Sun, J. M. Cioffi, L. Yang, Energy efficient MIMO relay transmissions via joint power allocations. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs. 61(7), 531\u2013535 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs"},{"issue":"7","key":"1650_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2006.877962","volume":"54","author":"W. Yu","year":"2006","unstructured":"W. Yu, R. Lui, Dual methods for nonconvex spectrum optimization of multicarrier systems. IEEE Trans. Commun.54(7), 1310\u20131322 (2006).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"1650_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2611512","volume":"64","author":"Y. Zeng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y. Zeng, R. Zhang, T. J. Lim, Throughput maximization for UAV-enabled mobile relaying systems. IEEE Trans. Commun.64(12), 4983\u20134996 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-1650-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-020-1650-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-1650-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:20:01Z","timestamp":1614039601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-020-1650-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-020-1650-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-1499"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"48"}}