{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1772166535616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The emergence of 5G communication systems will not replace existing radio access networks but will gradually merge to form ultra-dense heterogeneous networks. In heterogeneous networks, the design of efficient vertical handoff (VHO) algorithms for 5G infrastructures is necessary to improve quality of service (QoS) and system resource utilization. In this paper, an optimized algorithm based on a multi-objective optimization model is proposed to solve the lack of a comprehensive consideration of user and network impacts during the handoff process in existing VHO algorithms. The Markov chain model of each base station (BS) is built to calculate a more accurate value of the network state that reflects the network performance. Then, a multi-objective optimization model is derived to maximize the value of the network state and the user data receiving rate. The multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II is finally employed to turn the model into a final VHO strategy. The results of the simulation for the throughput and blocking rate of networks demonstrate that our algorithm significantly increases the system throughput and reduces the blocking rate compared to the existing VHO strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-021-01952-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T15:03:01Z","timestamp":1617721381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A multi-objective model-based vertical handoff algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Shumin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Honggui","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rujing","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.01.011","volume":"72","author":"H-W Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"H.-W. Yu, B. Zhang, A heterogeneous network selection algorithm based on network attribute and user preference. Ad Hoc Netw. 72, 68\u201380 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.01.011","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"1952_CR2","unstructured":"L. Chen, H. Li, An MDP-based vertical handoff decision algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks, in 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (2016), pp. 1\u20136"},{"issue":"4","key":"1952_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2015.7114057","volume":"12","author":"M Bin","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Bin, D. Hong, X. Xianzhong, L. Xiaofeng, An optimized vertical handoff algorithm based on Markov process in vehicle heterogeneous network. China Commun. 12(4), 106\u2013116 (2015)","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"1952_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0944-4","author":"A \u00c7alhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. \u00c7alhan, C. \u00c7eken, Artificial neural network based vertical handoff algorithm for reducing handoff latency. Wirel. Pers. Commun. (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-012-0944-4","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"1952_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2709750","volume":"21","author":"I Kustiawan","year":"2017","unstructured":"I. Kustiawan, C. Liu, D.F. Hsu, Vertical handoff decision using fuzzification and combinatorial fusion. IEEE Commun. Lett. 21(9), 2089\u20132092 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"1952_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1031839","volume":"40","author":"F Chiussi","year":"2002","unstructured":"F. Chiussi, D. Khotimsky, S. Krishnan, Mobility management in third-generation all-IP networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 40(9), 124\u2013135 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"3","key":"1952_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.5876501","volume":"18","author":"X Xie","year":"2011","unstructured":"X. Xie, B. Rong, T. Zhang, W. Lei, Improving physical layer multicast by cooperative communications in heterogeneous networks. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 18(3), 58\u201363 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"1952_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2306210","volume":"10","author":"S Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"S. Wang, C. Fan, C. Hsu, Q. Sun, F. Yang, A vertical handoff method via self-selection decision tree for internet of vehicles. IEEE Syst. J. 10(3), 1183\u20131192 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"1952_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8812","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2707801","volume":"5","author":"B Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"B. Ma, D. Wang, S. Cheng, X. Xie, Modeling and analysis for vertical handoff based on the decision tree in a heterogeneous vehicle network. IEEE Access 5, 8812\u20138824 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"1952_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.907072","volume":"57","author":"E Stevens-Navarro","year":"2008","unstructured":"E. Stevens-Navarro, Y. Lin, V.W.S. Wong, An MDP-based vertical handoff decision algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 57(2), 1243\u20131254 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"1952_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3549-5","author":"S Goudarzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Goudarzi, W. Hassan, H. Anisi, S. Soleymani, MDP-based network selection scheme by genetic algorithm and simulated annealing for vertical-handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. Wirel. Pers. Commun. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-016-3549-5","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"1952_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2861731","volume":"22","author":"B Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"B. Yang, X. Wang, Z. Qian, A multi-armed bandit model-based vertical handoff algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 22(10), 2116\u20132119 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"1952_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2990713","volume":"9","author":"J Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Sun, Z. Qian, X. Wang, X. Wang, Es-dqn-based vertical handoff algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 9(8), 1327\u20131330 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"1952_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2495212","volume":"19","author":"I Kustiawan","year":"2015","unstructured":"I. Kustiawan, K. Chi, Handoff decision using a kalman filter and fuzzy logic in heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 19(12), 2258\u20132261 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"1952_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.M. Alotaibi, S.S. Alwakeel, A neural network based handover management strategy for heterogeneous networks, in 2015 IEEE 14th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA) (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2015.65"},{"key":"1952_CR16","unstructured":"A. Ben Zineb, M. Ayadi, S. Tabbane, QoE-based vertical handover decision management for cognitive networks using ANN, in 2017 6th International Conference on Communications and Networking (ComNet) (2017), pp. 1\u20137"},{"key":"1952_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38285","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2853730","volume":"6","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Li, E. Wang, QoE-aware intelligent vertical handoff scheme over heterogeneous wireless access networks. IEEE Access 6, 38285\u201338293 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1952_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.01.001","volume":"16","author":"E Skondras","year":"2019","unstructured":"E. Skondras, A. Michalas, D.D. Vergados, Mobility management on 5G vehicular cloud computing systems. Veh. Commun. 16, 15\u201344 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.01.001","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"1952_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"I. Kosmopoulos, E. Skondras, A. Michalas, D.D. Vergados, An efficient mobility management scheme for 5G network architectures, in 2020 5th South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference (SEEDA-CECNSM) (2020), pp. 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SEEDA-CECNSM49515.2020.9221842","DOI":"10.1109\/SEEDA-CECNSM49515.2020.9221842"},{"issue":"3","key":"1952_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2016.2551042","volume":"5","author":"L Qiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"L. Qiang, J. Li, C. Touati, A user centered multi-objective handoff scheme for hybrid 5G environments. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. 5(3), 380\u2013390 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"issue":"12","key":"1952_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5952","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2940938","volume":"18","author":"B B\u0142aszczyszyn","year":"2019","unstructured":"B. B\u0142aszczyszyn, M.K. Karray, Performance analysis of cellular networks with opportunistic scheduling using queueing theory and stochastic geometry. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 18(12), 5952\u20135966 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"1952_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","volume":"6","author":"K Deb","year":"2002","unstructured":"K. Deb, A. Pratap, S. Agarwal, T. Meyarivan, A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 6(2), 182\u2013197 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01952-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01952-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01952-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T15:23:56Z","timestamp":1617722636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01952-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01952-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-47406\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"75"}}