{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:42:37Z","timestamp":1771846957329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As the PHY\/MAC-layer IR-HARQ and RLC-layer ARQ error recovery procedures, adopted in LTE, may impose additional delay when their code-block retransmissions occur, the arising question is whether these significantly contribute to IP and consequently RTP packet delays, and finally degrade the overall application-layer end-to-end QoE, especially when voice is transmitted over LTE? With this regard, we propose and demonstrate a VoLTE QoS and QoE test procedure based on PHY\/MAC\/RLC\/IP\/TCP-UDP\/RTP cross-layer protocol analysis and perceptual speech quality QoE measurements. We identified monotonic relationship between the paired observations: QoE and HARQ RTT, i.e. between the PESQ voice quality rating and the IP\/RTP packet latency, for given BLER of the received MAC\/RLC code-blocks. Specifically, we found out that, for the HARQ RTT value of about 8\u00a0ms, only up to 2 HARQ retransmissions (and consequently no RLC-ARQ one) is appropriate during any voice packet, otherwise delay accumulation might not be accordingly \u201csmoothed out\u201d by jitter\/playback buffers along the propagation path.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-021-01970-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T17:03:59Z","timestamp":1617815039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Practical cross-layer testing of HARQ-induced delay variation on IP\/RTP QoS and VoLTE QoE"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9774-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Lipovac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vlatko","family":"Lipovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Grbavac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Obradovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1970_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-014-2228-7","volume":"93","author":"V Lipovac","year":"2017","unstructured":"V. Lipovac, practical consistence between bit-error and block-error performance metrics up to application layer. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 93(3), 779\u2013793 (2017)","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"1970_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Rumnay, \u201dLTE and the Evolution of 4G Wireless; Design and Measurements Challenges\u201d, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2013","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118799475"},{"issue":"10","key":"1970_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.081011.102247","volume":"10","author":"S Donthi","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Donthi, N. Mehta, An accurate model for EESM and its application to analysis of CQI feedback schemes and scheduling in LTE. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 10(10), 3436\u20133448 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"1970_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elnashar and M. El-Saidny, \u201cLooking at LTE in practice: a performance analysis of the LTE system based on field test results,\u201d IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 81\u201392, September 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2013.2268334"},{"issue":"9","key":"1970_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2337876","volume":"18","author":"V Buenestado","year":"2014","unstructured":"V. Buenestado, J. Ruiz-Aviles, M. Toril, S. Luna-Ramirez, A. Mendo, Analysis of Throughput Performance Statistics for Benchmarking LTE Networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 18(9), 1607\u20131610 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"1970_CR6","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-P.862\/en; ITU-T Recommendation P.862: Perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ): An objective method for end-to-end speech quality assessment of narrow-band telephone networks and speech codecs"},{"issue":"3","key":"1970_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-014-2232-y","volume":"93","author":"A Lipovac","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Lipovac, V. Lipovac, M. Hamza, Verification of OFDM error floor prediction in time-dispersive LTE FDD DL channel. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 93(3), 853\u2013875 (2017)","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"1970_CR8","unstructured":"ITU-T Recommendation G.1028, \u201cEnd-to-end quality of service for voice over 4G mobile networks\u201d, April 2016"},{"key":"1970_CR9","unstructured":"S. Pag\u00e8s, \u201cLink Level Performance Evaluation and Link Abstraction for LTE\/LTE-Advanced Downlink\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2013"},{"key":"1970_CR10","unstructured":"S. Hemminger, \u201cNetwork Emulation with NetEm\u201d, Open Source Development Lab, 2005"},{"key":"1970_CR11","unstructured":"Z. Govindarajulu, \u201cRank Correlation Methods (5th ed.)\u201d, Taylor & Francis Online, March 12, 2012"},{"key":"1970_CR12","unstructured":"M. Kendall, A. Stewart, \u201cThe Advanced Theory of Statistics\u201d, Charles Griffin London, 1966"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01970-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01970-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01970-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T17:13:28Z","timestamp":1617815608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01970-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-021-01970-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"83"}}