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To address the imbalance problem of network overhead and limited energy of underwater sensor nodes, this paper presents a CH\u2013SH Selection and Sink Path-planning (CSSP) scheme to collect vast amount of data from heterogeneous sensor nodes. The scheme firstly establishes a three-layer network structure model for underwater mobile sensor networks (UMSN) based on multi-mode communication mechanism and provides energy-balanced head nodes (cluster head and sub-cluster head nodes) selection algorithm based on particle swarm iterative optimization. Then, the optimal global-path-plan of mobile sink is proposed to visit all the head nodes to collect data, reduce the multi-hop underwater acoustic transmission distance of relay nodes, and avoid the energy hole problem. Lastly, the upper-layer multi-hop network of UMSN is designed to remotely control local-path-plan over mobile sink, in order to implement joint planning of global and local paths of mobile sink. Simulation results verified that the proposed CSSP scheme outperformed 11%, 16% and 22% over three typical protocols in terms of nodes energy consumption, CSSP was 9%, 12% and 19% lower than three typical protocols in terms of SD of energy consumption, packet delivery ratio of CSSP was 8%, 10% and 12% higher than three typical protocols. The scheme could significantly balance energy and reduce packet loss rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-022-02141-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T10:03:17Z","timestamp":1658570597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An energy-balanced head nodes selection scheme for underwater mobile sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2620-352X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keyong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hailin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xuexiao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"228","key":"2141_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1533-y","volume":"2019","author":"P Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"P. 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