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In the proposed scheme, the VLC maximum communication distance is chosen as 100\u00a0m per-hop approximately, which can be extended through multi-hop up to the timeout window of 5 hops. In contrast, the RF maximum communication distance is chosen as 200\u00a0m per-hop approximately, which is reasonable at the frequency band of 70\u00a0GHz to 90\u00a0GHz due to the high attenuation at this frequency band. A MATLAB simulation for a car-to-car framework is built to demonstrate and compare the BER, throughput, and delay outcomes at a hybrid VLC and RF communication. Our results show that VLC can achieve up to four times of the RF throughput while maintaining low BER of 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>and small delay of 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>with respect to RF communication only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-022-02192-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T01:19:13Z","timestamp":1669511953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Developing hybrid car-to-car communication system based on MIMO visible light and radio frequency"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nermeen M.","family":"Okasha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel Halem A.","family":"Zekry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma A.","family":"Newagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2192_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. 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