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The proposed scheme processes observations sequentially to decide in favor of one of the candidate symbols. Such a process stops as soon as a decision rule is satisfied or waits for more samples under a given accuracy. We first provide the optimal achievable latency in additive white Gaussian noise channels for every channel code given a probability of block error. For example, for a rate <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$R = 0.5$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0.5<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> and a blocklength of 500 symbols, we show that only <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$63\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mn>63<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>%<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> of the symbol time is needed to reach an error rate equal to <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$10^{-5}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. Then, we prove that if short messages can be transmitted in parallel Gaussian channels via a multi-carrier modulation, there exists an optimal low-latency strategy for every code. Next, we show how early detection can be effective with band-limited orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signals while maintaining a given spectral efficiency by random coding or pre-coding random matrices. Finally, we show how the proposed early-detection scheme is effective in multi-hop systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02240-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T10:13:37Z","timestamp":1679393617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early-detection scheme based on sequential tests for low-latency communications"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Barrag\u00e1n-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minh","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghyslain","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Giard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736749","volume":"52","author":"G Wunder","year":"2014","unstructured":"G. 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