{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:00:42Z","timestamp":1776528042344,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The densification of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based fifth-generation communication systems, as well as the requirement of integrating sensing and communication functionalities, has promoted the development of integrated-sensing-and-communication (ISAC) dense cellular networks (DCNs). In the OFDM-based ISAC-DCN, multiple base stations simultaneously serve mobile users and sense targets based on the echo of downlink communication signals. In this paper, we establish the interference model in ISAC-DCN for sensing and communication. Focusing on the interference management of the ISAC-DCN, we investigate the multi-dimension resource allocation problem. In particular, we aim to maximize the network utility by jointly optimizing sub-band allocation, user association, and transmission power under the sensing signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio constraint to be solved iteratively. The mixed-integer optimization problem is decoupled into three sub-problems. Specifically, a greedy genetic sub-band allocation scheme is proposed for sub-band allocation to reduce total interference. We employ the successive convex approximation technique to transform the transmission power control sub-problem and solve it via geometric programming. Simulation results illustrate the trade-off between sensing and communication performances, and show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the network utility and achieves higher detection probability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02264-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T04:03:25Z","timestamp":1689912205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Joint resource allocation and user association for multi-cell integrated sensing and communication systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zesong","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4010-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingxuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3156632","volume":"40","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"F. Liu, Y. Cui, C. Masouros, J. Xu, T.X. Han, Y.C. Eldar, S. Buzzi, Integrated sensing and communications: towards dual-functional wireless networks for 6G and beyond. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 40(6), 1728\u20131767 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR2","unstructured":"3GPP: NR; Physical channels and modulation. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Technical Specification (TS) 38.211 9 (2018)"},{"key":"2264_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Hu, Z. Du, G. Xue, Radar-communication integration based on OFDM signal, in 2014 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC) (2014), pp. 442\u2013445","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2014.6986232"},{"issue":"4","key":"2264_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041613","volume":"22","author":"K Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"K. Wu, J.A. Zhang, X. Huang, Y.J. Guo, Joint communications and sensing employing multi-or single-carrier OFDM communication signals: a tutorial on sensing methods, recent progress and a novel design. Sensors 22(4), 1613\u20131635 (2022)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2264_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Cui, X. Jing, J. Mu, Integrated sensing and communications via 5G NR waveform: performance analysis, in ICASSP 2022\u20142022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (2022), pp. 8747\u20138751","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746355"},{"key":"2264_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q. Zhao, S. Li, A. Tang, X. Wang, Energy-efficient reference signal optimization for 5G V2X joint communication and sensing, in ICC 2022-IEEE International Conference on Communications (2022), pp. 1040\u20131045","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838978"},{"key":"2264_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"60","author":"P Samczy\u0144ski","year":"2021","unstructured":"P. Samczy\u0144ski, K. Abratkiewicz, M. P\u0142otka, T.P. Zieli\u0144ski, L. Pucci, E. Paolini, A. Giorgetti, 5G network-based passive radar. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 60, 1\u20139 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2264_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155522","volume":"40","author":"L Pucci","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Pucci, E. Paolini, A. Giorgetti, System-level analysis of joint sensing and communication based on 5G new radio. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 40(7), 2043\u20132055 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2264_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155543","volume":"40","author":"Q Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Q. Shi, L. Liu, S. Zhang, S. Cui, Device-free sensing in OFDM cellular network. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 40(6), 1838\u20131853 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Shi, Z. Cheng, L. Wu, Z. He, B. Shankar, Distributed 5G NR-based integrated sensing and communication systems: frame structure and performance analysis, in 2022 30th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) (2022), pp. 1062\u20131066","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO55093.2022.9909950"},{"issue":"2","key":"2264_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736747","volume":"52","author":"N Bhushan","year":"2014","unstructured":"N. Bhushan, J. Li, D. Malladi, R. Gilmore, D. Brenner, A. Damnjanovic, R.T. Sukhavasi, C. Patel, S. Geirhofer, Network densification: the dominant theme for wireless evolution into 5G. IEEE Commun. Mag. 52(2), 82\u201389 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"3","key":"2264_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/98.511762","volume":"3","author":"I Katzela","year":"1996","unstructured":"I. Katzela, M. Naghshineh, Channel assignment schemes for cellular mobile telecommunication systems: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Pers. Commun. 3(3), 10\u201331 (1996)","journal-title":"IEEE Pers. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Luna, C. Blum, E. Alba, A.J. Nebro, Aco vs eas for solving a real-world frequency assignment problem in GSM networks, in Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (2007), pp. 94\u2013101","DOI":"10.1145\/1276958.1276972"},{"key":"2264_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. da Silva\u00a0Maximiano, M.A. Vega-Rodr\u00edguez, J.A. G\u00f3mez-Pulido, J.M. S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, Analysis of parameter settings for differential evolution algorithm to solve a real-world frequency assignment problem in GSM networks, in 2008 The Second International Conference on Advanced Engineering Computing and Applications in Sciences (2008), pp. 77\u201382","DOI":"10.1109\/ADVCOMP.2008.18"},{"issue":"12","key":"2264_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2006.256968","volume":"5","author":"G Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"G. Li, H. Liu, Downlink radio resource allocation for multi-cell OFDMA system. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 5(12), 3451\u20133459 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"2264_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-3133-x","volume":"64","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"X. Wang, Z. Fei, J. Huang, J.A. Zhang, J. Yuan, Joint resource allocation and power control for radar interference mitigation in multi-UAV networks. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 64(8), 1\u201313 (2021)","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"2264_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.T. Long, R. Cai, X.J. Li, P.H.J. Chong, Poster: performance comparison of various: frequency reuse and power masking schemes in 4G ofdma downlink transmissions, in 9th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China (2014), pp. 682\u2013683","DOI":"10.1109\/CHINACOM.2014.7054395"},{"issue":"2","key":"2264_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.010311.101238","volume":"15","author":"K Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"K. Lee, O. Jo, D.-H. Cho, Cooperative resource allocation for guaranteeing intercell fairness in femtocell networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 15(2), 214\u2013216 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2264_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.071140","volume":"8","author":"K Son","year":"2009","unstructured":"K. Son, S. Chong, G. De Veciana, Dynamic association for load balancing and interference avoidance in multi-cell networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 8(7), 3566\u20133576 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Post, S. Borst, H. Van Den\u00a0Berg, Dynamic frequency reuse in dense cellular networks, in 2019 International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOPT) (2019), pp. 1\u20138","DOI":"10.23919\/WiOPT47501.2019.9144131"},{"issue":"7","key":"2264_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6336","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3225281","volume":"10","author":"M Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Liu, M. Yang, H. Li, K. Zeng, Z. Zhang, A. Nallanathan, G. Wang, L. Hanzo, Performance analysis and power allocation for cooperative ISAC networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 10(7), 6336\u20136351 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2264_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.040413.120676","volume":"12","author":"Q Ye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Q. Ye, B. Rong, Y. Chen, M. Al-Shalash, C. Caramanis, J.G. Andrews, User association for load balancing in heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 12(6), 2706\u20132716 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2264_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/18.825822","volume":"46","author":"SU Pillai","year":"2000","unstructured":"S.U. Pillai, H.S. Oh, D.C. Youla, J.R. Guerci, Optimal transmit-receiver design in the presence of signal-dependent interference and channel noise. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 46(2), 577\u2013584 (2000)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"issue":"12","key":"2264_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2494046","volume":"63","author":"S Han","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. Han, C. Yang, P. Chen, Full duplex-assisted intercell interference cancellation in heterogeneous networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(12), 5218\u20135234 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2264_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2131110","volume":"99","author":"C Sturm","year":"2011","unstructured":"C. Sturm, W. Wiesbeck, Waveform design and signal processing aspects for fusion of wireless communications and radar sensing. Proc. IEEE 99(7), 1236\u20131259 (2011)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"10","key":"2264_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9220","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3234041","volume":"10","author":"C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. Li, S. De Bast, Y. Miao, E. Tanghe, S. Pollin, W. Joseph, Contact-free multitarget tracking using distributed massive mimo-ofdm communication system: prototype and analysis. IEEE Internet Things J. 10(10), 9220\u20139233 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2264_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5089551","volume":"45","author":"F Colone","year":"2009","unstructured":"F. Colone, D. O\u2019hagan, P. Lombardo, C. Baker, A multistage processing algorithm for disturbance removal and target detection in passive bistatic radar. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 45(2), 698\u2013722 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"2264_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2424393","volume":"15","author":"A Khawar","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. Khawar, A. Abdelhadi, C. Clancy, Target detection performance of spectrum sharing MIMO radars. IEEE Sens. J. 15(9), 4928\u20134940 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"2264_CR29","unstructured":"J. Xu, C. Guo, J. Yang, Interference-aware greedy channel assignment in multi-radio multi-channel wmn, in 2016 25th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC) (2016), pp. 1\u20134"},{"issue":"1","key":"2264_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1986.289288","volume":"16","author":"JJ Grefenstette","year":"1986","unstructured":"J.J. Grefenstette, Optimization of control parameters for genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 16(1), 122\u2013128 (1986)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"2264_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Wang, W. Shang, M. Liu, W. Lin, H. Fu, A greedy and genetic fusion algorithm for solving course timetabling problem, in 2018 IEEE\/ACIS 17th International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS) (2018), pp. 344\u2013349","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2018.8466405"},{"issue":"10","key":"2264_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2014.2359873","volume":"62","author":"N Prasad","year":"2014","unstructured":"N. Prasad, M. Arslan, S. Rangarajan, Exploiting cell dormancy and load balancing in LTE hetnets: optimizing the proportional fairness utility. IEEE Trans. Commun. 62(10), 3706\u20133722 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2264_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2014.2338318","volume":"3","author":"T Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"T. Kim, M. Dong, An iterative Hungarian method to joint relay selection and resource allocation for d2d communications. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 3(6), 625\u2013628 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2264_CR34","first-page":"346","volume":"46","author":"C Bin","year":"2017","unstructured":"C. Bin, L. Xiaohui et al., User association in heterogeneous cellular networks via the Hungarian method. J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. China 46(2), 346\u2013351 (2017)","journal-title":"J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. China"},{"key":"2264_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.P. Palomar, M. Chiang, Alternative decompositions and distributed algorithms for network utility maximization, in GLOBECOM\u201905. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005 (2005), p. 6","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2005.1578224"},{"issue":"4","key":"2264_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3044616","volume":"69","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"X. Wang, Z. Fei, J.A. Zhang, J. Huang, J. Yuan, Constrained utility maximization in dual-functional radar-communication multi-uav networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(4), 2660\u20132672 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2264_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-021-3487-x","volume":"65","author":"Q Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Q. Cui, X. Hu, W. Ni, X. Tao, P. Zhang, T. Chen, K.-C. Chen, M. Haenggi, Vehicular mobility patterns and their applications to internet-of-vehicles: a comprehensive survey. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 65(11), 1\u201342 (2022)","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02264-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02264-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02264-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T04:07:10Z","timestamp":1689912430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02264-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02264-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2296075\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"64"}}