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However, the most existing algorithms can only recognize the total number of people in the monitoring area and cannot simultaneously recognize the number and states of people and ignore the real-time performance of the algorithms. Therefore, they cannot be applied to the scenarios of multi-state crowd counting requiring high real-time performance. To address this issue, a lightweight passive multi-state crowd counting algorithm called TF-LPMCC is proposed. This algorithm constructs CSI amplitude data into amplitude and time\u2013frequency images, extracts texture features using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and gray-level difference statistic (GLDS) methods, and uses the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm to count the crowd in multi-states. Experiments show that the TF-LPMCC algorithm not only has low time complexity but also achieves an average recognition accuracy of 98.27% for crowd counting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02289-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T14:02:41Z","timestamp":1692280961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Texture features-based lightweight passive multi-state crowd counting algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangting","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanzhen","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2289_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3171449","volume":"10","author":"D Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. 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