{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:35:29Z","timestamp":1775705729844,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a groundbreaking technology that has a significant potential for sixth generation (6G) networks. Its unique capability to control wireless environments makes it an attractive option. However, the spatial diversity increased by assisting users with all deployed RISs, this investigation has two drawbacks the high complexity design, and the received signals by the far RISs are severely attenuated. Therefore, we propose a RIS selection strategy to select the proper RISs as a pre-stage before the joint beamforming between the base station (BS) and RISs to reduce the high complexity of joint beamforming optimization. Furthermore, the joint active and passive beamforming problem based on the selection is formulated. Hence, achieving spatial diversity by examining cooperation between passive beamforming of multi-hop RIS, leads to a challenging problem. To tackle this issue, we design an algorithm for the RIS selection scheme. Also, to relax the non-convexity of the proposed problem, we decouple the problem into solvable subproblems by utilizing the fractional programming (FP) and quadratic transform (QT) optimization methods. Simulation results have demonstrated through different user locations the effectiveness of the selection strategy in performance enhancement by 30% in the sum rate, besides an obvious reduction in the complexity cost than other techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-024-02375-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T06:03:13Z","timestamp":1724738593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Low-complexity cooperative active and passive beamforming multi-RIS-assisted communication networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5094-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Elsherbini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Osama A.","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2375_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9614520","volume":"2021","author":"S Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Ali, M. Sohail, S.B.H. Shah, D. Koundal, M.A. Hassan, A. Abdollahi, I.U. Khan, New trends and advancement in next generation mobile wireless communication (6g): a survey. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. 2021, 1\u201314 (2021)","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"2375_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Hewa, G. G\u00fcr, A. Kalla, M. Ylianttila, A. Bracken, M. Liyanage, The role of blockchain in 6g: challenges, opportunities and research directions, in 2020 2nd 6G Wireless Summit (6G SUMMIT) (2020), pp. 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/6GSUMMIT49458.2020.9083784"},{"key":"2375_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3071496","volume":"2","author":"C De Alwis","year":"2021","unstructured":"C. De Alwis, A. Kalla, Q.-V. Pham, P. Kumar, K. Dev, W.-J. Hwang, M. Liyanage, Survey on 6g frontiers: trends, applications, requirements, technologies and future research. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. 2, 836\u2013886 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2375_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2922609","volume":"18","author":"C Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Huang, A. Zappone, G.C. Alexandropoulos, M. Debbah, C. Yuen, Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for energy efficiency in wireless communication. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 18(8), 4157\u20134170 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2375_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6266","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3080302","volume":"70","author":"L Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. Du, W. Zhang, J. Ma, Y. Tang, Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for energy efficiency in multicast transmissions. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70(6), 6266\u20136271 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"2375_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2022.101774","volume":"53","author":"W Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"W. Xie, B. Li, Y. Xiong, W. Liu, J. Ou, D. Fan, Energy efficient collaborative computation for double-RIS assisted mobile edge networks. Phys. Commun. 53, 101774 (2022)","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2375_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2970061","volume":"19","author":"H Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. Guo, Y.-C. Liang, J. Chen, E.G. Larsson, Weighted sumrate maximization for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 19(5), 3064\u20133076 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2375_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3096549","volume":"69","author":"A Abrardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Abrardo, D. Dardari, M. Di Renzo, Intelligent reflecting surfaces: Sum-rate optimization based on statistical position information. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(10), 7121\u20137136 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2375_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3070587","volume":"7","author":"MA Saeidi","year":"2021","unstructured":"M.A. Saeidi, M.J. Emadi, H. Masoumi, M.R. Mili, D.W.K. Ng, I. Krikidis, Weighted sum-rate maximization for multi-IRS-assisted full-duplex systems with hardware impairments. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw. 7(2), 466\u2013481 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"2375_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Cao, T. Lv, W. Ni, Intelligent reflecting surface aided multi-user mmwave communications for coverage enhancement, in 2020 IEEE 31st Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE, 2020), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC48278.2020.9217160"},{"key":"2375_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53053","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3174082","volume":"10","author":"M Salah","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Salah, M.M. Elsherbini, O.A. Omer, RIS-focus: on the optimal placement of the focal plane for outdoor beam routing. IEEE Access 10, 53053\u201353065 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"2375_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3260805","volume":"22","author":"W Mei","year":"2023","unstructured":"W. Mei, R. Zhang, Joint base station and IRS deployment for enhancing network coverage: a graph-based modeling and optimization approach. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 22(11), 8200\u20138213 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2375_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3049257","volume":"70","author":"G Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"G. Zhou, C. Pan, H. Ren, K. Wang, M. Elkashlan, M. Di Renzo, Stochastic learning-based robust beamforming design for RIS-aided millimeter-wave systems in the presence of random blockages. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70(1), 1057\u20131061 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"2375_CR14","unstructured":"H. Guo, B. Makki, M. \u00c5str\u00f6m, M.-S. Alouini, T. Svensson, Dynamic blockage pre-avoidance using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.06659 (2022)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2375_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2986290","volume":"9","author":"Y Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Han, S. Zhang, L. Duan, R. Zhang, Cooperative double-IRS aided communication: beamforming design and power scaling. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 9(8), 1206\u20131210 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2375_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3108020","volume":"21","author":"W Mei","year":"2021","unstructured":"W. Mei, R. Zhang, Multi-beam multi-hop routing for intelligent reflecting surfaces aided massive MIMO. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 21(3), 1897\u20131912 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2375_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3152320","volume":"26","author":"W Mei","year":"2022","unstructured":"W. Mei, R. Zhang, Intelligent reflecting surface for multi-path beam routing with active\/passive beam splitting and combining. IEEE Commun. Lett. 26(5), 1165\u20131169 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"2375_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10949","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3188350","volume":"21","author":"X Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Ma, Y. Fang, H. Zhang, S. Guo, D. Yuan, Cooperative beamforming design for multiple RIS-assisted communication systems. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 21(12), 10949\u201310963 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"2375_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65255","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3290220","volume":"11","author":"MM Elsherbini","year":"2023","unstructured":"M.M. Elsherbini, O.A. Omer, M. Salah, Reconfigurable intelligent surface reliable cooperative beamforming based on cascade\/parallel hybrid networking. IEEE Access 11, 65255\u201365265 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"12","key":"2375_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8641","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3117599","volume":"69","author":"TN Do","year":"2021","unstructured":"T.N. Do, G. Kaddoum, T.L. Nguyen, D.B. Da Costa, Z.J. Haas, Multi-RIS-aided wireless systems: Statistical characterization and performance analysis. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(12), 8641\u20138658 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"2375_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Wei, Q. Xue, S. Ma, Y. Xu, L. Yan, X. Fang, Joint optimization of active and passive beamforming in multi-IRS aided mmwave communications, in IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) (2022), pp. 136\u2013141","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008717"},{"key":"2375_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Liu, C. Huang, M. Di Renzo, M. Debbah, C. Yuen, Cooperative beamforming and RISs association for multi-RISs aided multi-users MmWave MIMO systems through graph neural networks, in ICC\u2014IEEE International Conference on Communications (2023), pp. 4286\u20134291","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10278986"},{"issue":"6","key":"2375_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7545","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3242046","volume":"72","author":"M Aldababsa","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Aldababsa, A.M. Salhab, A.A. Nasir, M.H. Samuh, D.B. da Costa, Multiple RISs-aided networks: performance analysis and optimization. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 72(6), 7545\u20137559 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"2375_CR24","unstructured":"K. Alshehri, A.M. Salhab, A.A. Nasir, Performance analysis and optimization of multi-RIS-aided UAV networks, arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.10454 (2023)"},{"key":"2375_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Sun, M. Fu, Y. Shi, Y. Zhou, Towards reconfigurable intelligent surfaces powered green wireless networks, in IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) (IEEE, 2020), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC45663.2020.9120857"},{"issue":"1","key":"2375_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3098632","volume":"21","author":"Z Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Z. Yang, M. Chen, W. Saad, W. Xu, M. Shikh-Bahaei, H.V. Poor, S. Cui, Energy-efficient wireless communications with distributed reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 21(1), 665\u2013679 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"2375_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3020577","volume":"68","author":"X Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"X. Hu, C. Zhong, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, Z. Zhang, Location information aided multiple intelligent reflecting surface systems. IEEE Trans. Commun. 68(12), 7948\u20137962 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"2375_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.2992791","volume":"1","author":"H Alwazani","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. Alwazani, A. Kammoun, A. Chaaban, M. Debbah, M.-S. Alouini et al., Intelligent reflecting surface-assisted multi-user miso communication: channel estimation and beamforming design. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. 1, 661\u2013680 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"2375_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007057","volume":"38","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. Liu, X. Yuan, Y.-J.A. Zhang, Matrix-calibration-based cascaded channel estimation for reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted multiuser mimo. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 38(11), 2621\u20132636 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"2375_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44304","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064073","volume":"9","author":"A Taha","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Taha, M. Alrabeiah, A. Alkhateeb, Enabling large intelligent surfaces with compressive sensing and deep learning. IEEE Access 9, 44304\u201344321 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"2375_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3063236","volume":"69","author":"L Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. Wei, C. Huang, G.C. Alexandropoulos, C. Yuen, Z. Zhang, M. Debbah, Channel estimation for RIS-empowered multi-user miso wireless communications. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(6), 4144\u20134157 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2375_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2812733","volume":"66","author":"K Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"K. Shen, W. Yu, Fractional programming for communication systems\u2014part I: power control and beamforming. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 66(10), 2616\u20132630 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"5","key":"2375_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1946.234568","volume":"34","author":"HT Friis","year":"1946","unstructured":"H.T. Friis, A note on a simple transmission formula. Proc. IRE 34(5), 254\u2013256 (1946)","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02375-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02375-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02375-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T06:12:58Z","timestamp":1724739178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02375-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02375-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3871214\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The contents of this manuscript have not been copyrighted or published previously; the contents of this manuscript are not now under consideration for publication elsewhere; the contents of this manuscript will not be copyrighted, submitted, or published elsewhere while acceptance by the journal is under consideration; and there are no directly related manuscripts\u00a0or abstracts, published or unpublished, by any authors of this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"65"}}