{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:24:34Z","timestamp":1720743874138},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Large intelligent surfaces arise as an emerging technology and critical building block for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. Reconfigurable holographic surfaces (RHSs) have been attracting significant attention recently as active antenna arrays with the capability of forming narrow beams at low cost and complexity. This paper introduces the directional modulation (DM) concept for RHS, where a large number of elements are exploited to control not only the signal\u2019s power at the receiver but also its phase. Thus, a novel DM algorithm is proposed for RHS enables modulating a carrier wave to transmit information toward specific directions while broadcasting arbitrary signals toward other directions. Error vector magnitude results are reported for multiple users, where the directions of two users with respect to the RHS are varied. Mutual information result is also provided for 6 users to demonstrate the application of RHS for the physical layer security. Results are highly promising for future low-cost and secure spatially multiplexed communications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-024-02383-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T09:01:55Z","timestamp":1720688515000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-user directional modulation with reconfigurable holographic surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"M. Yaser","family":"Ya\u011fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samed","family":"Ke\u015fir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0130brahim","family":"H\u00f6kelek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali E.","family":"Pusane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"G\u00f6r\u00e7in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3309529","volume":"26","author":"T Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"T. Gong, P. Gavriilidis, R. Ji, C. Huang, G.C. Alexandropoulos, L. Wei, Z. Zhang, M. Debbah, H.V. Poor, C. Yuen, Holographic mimo communications: theoretical foundations, enabling technologies, and future directions. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 26(1), 196\u2013257 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2023.3309529","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"4","key":"2383_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2843719","volume":"20","author":"I Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"I. Ahmed, H. Khammari, A. Shahid, A. Musa, K.S. Kim, E. De Poorter, I. Moerman, A survey on hybrid beamforming techniques in 5g: architecture and system model perspectives. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 20(4), 3060\u20133097 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2018.2843719","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"6","key":"2383_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2100204","volume":"28","author":"R Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"R. Deng, B. Di, H. Zhang, D. Niyato, Z. Han, H.V. Poor, L. Song, Reconfigurable holographic surfaces for future wireless communications. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 28(6), 126\u2013131 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MWC.001.2100204","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900534","volume":"27","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Huang, S. Hu, G.C. Alexandropoulos, A. Zappone, C. Yuen, R. Zhang, M.D. Renzo, M. Debbah, Holographic mimo surfaces for 6g wireless networks: opportunities, challenges, and trends. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 27(5), 118\u2013125 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MWC.001.1900534","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"2383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.8.054048","volume":"8","author":"DR Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"D.R. Smith, O. Yurduseven, L.P. Mancera, P. Bowen, N.B. Kundtz, Analysis of a waveguide-fed metasurface antenna. Phys. Rev. Appl. 8, 054048 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.8.054048","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"issue":"6","key":"2383_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6255","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3079465","volume":"70","author":"R Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"R. Deng, B. Di, H. Zhang, Y. Tan, L. Song, Reconfigurable holographic surface: holographic beamforming for metasurface-aided wireless communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70(6), 6255\u20136259 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2021.3079465","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2383_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3070361","volume":"70","author":"B Di","year":"2021","unstructured":"B. Di, Reconfigurable holographic metasurface aided wideband ofdm communications against beam squint. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70(5), 5099\u20135103 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2021.3070361","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/26.52647","volume":"38","author":"EJ Baghdady","year":"1990","unstructured":"E.J. Baghdady, Directional signal modulation by means of switched spaced antennas. IEEE Trans. Commun. 38(4), 399\u2013403 (1990). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/26.52647","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-022-02175-7","volume":"2022","author":"O Ansari","year":"2022","unstructured":"O. Ansari, M. Amin, Directional modulation techniques for secure wireless communication: a comprehensive survey. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2022(1), 93 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-022-02175-7","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"9","key":"2383_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2027047","volume":"57","author":"MP Daly","year":"2009","unstructured":"M.P. Daly, J.T. Bernhard, Directional modulation technique for phased arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 57(9), 2633\u20132640 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2009.2027047","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"issue":"8","key":"2383_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.061013.120459","volume":"61","author":"N Valliappan","year":"2013","unstructured":"N. Valliappan, A. Lozano, R.W. Heath, Antenna subset modulation for secure millimeter-wave wireless communication. IEEE Trans. Commun. 61(8), 3231\u20133245 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.061013.120459","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2519403","volume":"64","author":"NN Alotaibi","year":"2016","unstructured":"N.N. Alotaibi, K.A. Hamdi, Switched phased-array transmission architecture for secure millimeter-wave wireless communication. IEEE Trans. Commun. 64(3), 1303\u20131312 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2519403","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737","volume":"23","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Liu, X. Liu, X. Mu, T. Hou, J. Xu, M. Di Renzo, N. Al-Dhahir, Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: principles and opportunities. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 23(3), 1546\u20131577 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"2383_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2022.3195050","volume":"3","author":"R Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"R. Dong, S. Jiang, X. Hua, Y. Teng, F. Shu, J. Wang, Low-complexity joint phase adjustment and receive beamforming for directional modulation networks via IRS. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. 3, 1234\u20131243 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OJCOMS.2022.3195050","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2383_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5604","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3152807","volume":"71","author":"R Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"R. Dong, B. Shi, X. Zhan, F. Shu, J. Wang, Performance analysis of massive hybrid directional modulation with mixed phase shifters. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 71(5), 5604\u20135608 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2022.3152807","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2383_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2952460","volume":"68","author":"JY Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"J.Y. Dai, W. Tang, L.X. Yang, X. Li, M.Z. Chen, J.C. Ke, Q. Cheng, S. Jin, T.J. Cui, Realization of multi-modulation schemes for wireless communication by time-domain digital coding metasurface. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68(3), 1618\u20131627 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2019.2952460","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"issue":"4","key":"2383_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2824231","volume":"36","author":"F Shu","year":"2018","unstructured":"F. Shu, X. Wu, J. Hu, J. Li, R. Chen, J. Wang, Secure and precise wireless transmission for random-subcarrier-selection-based directional modulation transmit antenna array. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 36(4), 890\u2013904 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2824231","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"2383_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177640","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3027285","volume":"8","author":"B Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"B. Zhang, W. Liu, J. Ma, Z. Qi, J. Zhang, L. Han, Y. Li, X. Zhao, C. Zhang, C. Wang, Sparse antenna array based positional modulation design with a low-complexity metasurface. IEEE Access 8, 177640\u2013177646 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3027285","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"21","key":"2383_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7189","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC00689K","volume":"8","author":"J Shabanpour","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Shabanpour, Programmable anisotropic digital metasurface for independent manipulation of dual-polarized thz waves based on a voltage-controlled phase transition of vo 2 microwires. J. Mater. Chem. C 8(21), 7189\u20137199 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0TC00689K","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"issue":"1","key":"2383_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01078-6","volume":"12","author":"K Zangeneh Kamali","year":"2023","unstructured":"K. Zangeneh Kamali, L. Xu, N. Gagrani, H.H. Tan, C. Jagadish, A. Miroshnichenko, D. Neshev, M. Rahmani, Electrically programmable solid-state metasurfaces via flash localised heating. Light: Sci. Appl. 12(1), 40 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41377-023-01078-6","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02383-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02383-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02383-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T09:06:14Z","timestamp":1720688774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02383-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02383-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"53"}}