{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:22:29Z","timestamp":1782980549166,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed To Be University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-025-02443-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T18:20:24Z","timestamp":1743272424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A review on mid-band and high-band 5G MIMO antenna designs: challenges and research directions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Upali Aparajita","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasmita","family":"Pahadsingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERL19031106","volume":"84","author":"W Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"W. Wu, R. Zhi, Y. Chen, H. Li, Y. Tan, G. Liu, A compact multiband MIMO antenna for IEEE 802.11 a\/b\/g\/n applications. Progr. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 84, 59\u201365 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2528\/PIERL19031106","journal-title":"Progr. Electromagn. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2443_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2018.05.018","volume":"92","author":"S Pahadsingh","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. Pahadsingh, S. Sahu, Four port MIMO integrated antenna system with DRA for cognitive radio platforms. Int. J. Electron. Commun. 92, 98\u2013110 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"2443_CR3","volume-title":"Dielectric resonator antenna handbook","author":"A Petosa","year":"2007","unstructured":"A. Petosa, Dielectric resonator antenna handbook (Artech House, Norwood, 2007)"},{"key":"2443_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.30958","author":"U Dash","year":"2018","unstructured":"U. Dash, S. Sahu, Wideband circularly polarized sectored conical dielectric resonator antenna excited by S-shaped slot. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mop.30958","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2443_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2891456","volume":"67","author":"YM Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y.M. Pan, X. Qin, Y.X. Sun, S.Y. Zheng, A simple decoupling method for 5G millimeter-wave MIMO dielectric resonator antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67(4), 2224\u20132234 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2019.2891456","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"2443_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2016.0671","author":"MS Sharawi","year":"2017","unstructured":"M.S. Sharawi, S.K. Podilchak, M.U. Khan, Y.M. Antar, Dual-frequency DRA-based MIMO antenna system for wireless access points. IET Microw. Antennas Propag. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-map.2016.0671","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"2443_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140889","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2943880","volume":"7","author":"HN Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"H.N. Chen, J. Song, J. Park, A compact circularly polarized MIMO dielectric resonator antenna over electromagnetic band-gap surface for 5G applications. IEEE Access 7, 140889\u2013140898 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2943880","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2443_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22350","author":"S Singhwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Singhwal, B. Kanaujia, A. Singh, D. Kishor, L. Matekovits, Dual-band circularly polarized MIMO DRA for sub-6 GHz applications. Int. J. RF Microwave Comput. Aided Eng. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmce.22350","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microwave Comput. Aided Eng."},{"issue":"15","key":"2443_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2020.1801522","volume":"34","author":"AK Dwivedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"A.K. Dwivedi, A. Sharma, A.K. Singh, V. Singh, Design of dual band four port circularly polarized MIMO DRA for WLAN\/WiMAX applications. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 34(15), 1990\u20132009 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09205071.2020.1801522","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"issue":"9","key":"2443_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2020.1730984","volume":"34","author":"SS Singhwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"S.S. Singhwal, B.K. Kanaujia, A. Singh, J. Kishor, L. Matekovits, Multiple input multiple output dielectric resonator antenna with circular polarized adaptability for 5G applications. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 34(9), 1180\u20131194 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09205071.2020.1730984","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"2443_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jestch.2021.05.019","author":"N Sahu","year":"2021","unstructured":"N. Sahu, G. Das, R. Gangwar, Circularly polarized offset-fed DRA elements & their application in compact MIMO antenna. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jestch.2021.05.019","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"2443_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40951","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908001","volume":"7","author":"J Iqbal","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Iqbal, U. Illahi, M.I. Sulaiman, M.M. Alam, M.M. Suud, M.N. Mohd-Yasin, Mutual coupling reduction using hybrid technique in wideband circularly polarized MIMO antenna for WiMAX applications. IEEE Access 7, 40951\u201340958 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908001","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2443_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"2019","author":"BJ Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"B.J. Liu, J.H. Qiu, N.N. Wang, X. Pan, J. Ni, S. Yan, Pyramid MIMO dielectric resonator antenna with circular polarization diversity. Int. Sympos. Antennas Propag. 2019, 1\u20133 (2019)","journal-title":"Int. Sympos. Antennas Propag."},{"issue":"7","key":"2443_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3048502","volume":"69","author":"Y Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Hu, Y.M. Pan, M. Di Yang, Circularly polarized MIMO dielectric resonator antenna with reduced mutual coupling. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69(7), 3811\u20133820 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2020.3048502","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"2443_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31416","author":"N Sahu","year":"2018","unstructured":"N. Sahu, G. Das, R. Gangwar, Dielectric resonator-based wide band circularly polarized MIMO antenna with pattern diversity for WLAN applications. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mop.31416","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2443_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2020.1862714","author":"AK Dwivedi","year":"2021","unstructured":"A.K. Dwivedi, A. Sharma, A.K. Singh, V. Singh, Circularly polarized quad-port mimo dielectric resonator antenna with beam tilting feature for vehicular communication. IETE Tech. Rev. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02564602.2020.1862714","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2443_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/02726343.2020.1821330","volume":"40","author":"G Bharti","year":"2020","unstructured":"G. Bharti, D. Kumar, A.K. Gautam, A. Sharma, Two-port dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna with polarization diversity. Electromagnetics 40(7), 463\u2013478 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02726343.2020.1821330","journal-title":"Electromagnetics"},{"key":"2443_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07579-5","volume":"12","author":"A Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Ahmad, Dy. Choi, S. Ullah, A compact two elements MIMO antenna for 5G communication. Sci. Rep. 12, 3608 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-07579-5","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2443_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22823","author":"MM Fakharian","year":"2021","unstructured":"M.M. Fakharian, A massive MIMO frame antenna with frequency agility and polarization diversity for LTE and 5G applications. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmce.22823","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"2443_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21420","author":"H Zou","year":"2018","unstructured":"H. Zou, Y. Li, C.Y.D. Sim, G. Yang, Design of 838 dual-band MIMO antenna array for 5G smartphone applications. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmce.21420","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"2443_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22331","author":"W-S Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"W.-S. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, H.-M. Chen, Four-port MIMO dual-loop antennas for 5G C-band access point applications. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmce.22331","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"2443_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65622-9","volume":"10","author":"S Ullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Ullah, W.H. Yeo, H. Kim et al., Development of 60-GHz millimeter wave, electromagnetic bandgap ground planes for multiple-input multiple-output antenna applications. Sci. Rep. 10, 8541 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65622-9","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2443_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22886","author":"H Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Zhu, X. Guan, B. Ren, C. Wang, Dual-band eight-element MIMO antenna consisted of tightly arranged hybrid antenna pairs for 5G smartphone. Int. J RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmce.22886","journal-title":"Int. J RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2883428","volume":"18","author":"A Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"A. Zhao, Z. Ren, Size reduction of self-isolated MIMO antenna system for 5g mobile phone applications. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 18(1), 152\u2013156 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"2443_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21776","author":"J Duan","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Duan, K. Xu, X. Li, S. Chen, P. Zhao, G. Wang, Dual-band and enhanced isolation MIMO antenna with L-shaped meta-rim extended ground stubs for 5G mobile handsets. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmce.21776","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"2443_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22246","author":"AK Sourav","year":"2020","unstructured":"A.K. Sourav, M.K. Meshram, Compact sub-6 GHz 5G-multipleinput-multiple-output antenna system with enhanced isolation. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmce.22246","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"2443_CR27","unstructured":"H. Zhou, R. Jin, J. Geng, X. Liang, W. Zhu and C. He, \u201cDesign of S\/Ka dual-band shared-aperture Massive MIMO antenna array for 5G communication\u201d 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2019)"},{"key":"2443_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51805","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3069185","volume":"9","author":"S Tariq","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Tariq, S.I. Naqvi, N. Hussain, Y. Ramin, A metasurface-based MIMO antenna for 5G millimeter-wave applications. IEEE Access 9, 51805\u201351817 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2443_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130293","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3009380","volume":"8","author":"N Hussain","year":"2020","unstructured":"N. Hussain, M.-J. Jeong, A. Abbas, N. Kim, Metasurface-based single-layer wideband circularly polarized MIMO antenna for 5G millimeter-wave systems. IEEE Access 8, 130293\u2013130304 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2443_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33387","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2848476","volume":"6","author":"B Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"B. Feng, J. Lai, Q. Zeng, K.L. Chung, A dual-wideband and high gain magneto-electric dipole antenna and its 3D MIMO system with metasurface for 5G\/WiMAX\/WLAN\/X-band applications. IEEE Access 6, 33387\u201333398 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2848476","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2443_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125348","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3110905","volume":"9","author":"DA Sehrai","year":"2021","unstructured":"D.A. Sehrai et al., Metasurface-based wideband MIMO antenna for 5G millimeter-wave systems. IEEE Access 9, 125348\u2013125357 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3110905","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2443_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.32560","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z. Wang, Y. Dong, Compact MIMO antenna using stepped impedance resonatorbased metasurface for 5G and WIFI applications. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mop.32560","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2443_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37250","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975271","volume":"8","author":"KS Sultan","year":"2020","unstructured":"K.S. Sultan, H.H. Abdullah, E.A. Abdallah, H.S. El-Hennawy, Metasurface-based dual polarized MIMO antenna for 5G smartphones using CMA. IEEE Access 8, 37250\u201337264 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975271","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2443_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. Chen, B. Feng, Q. Zeng and K. L. Chung, \u201cA substrate integrated magneto-electric dipole antenna and its 3D MIMO system with metasurface for 5G\/WiMAX\/WLAN\/X-band applications,\u201d 2017 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Phuket, Thailand, 2017, pp. 1\u20132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISANP.2017.8228794","DOI":"10.1109\/ISANP.2017.8228794"},{"issue":"3","key":"2443_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2968849","volume":"68","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Li, Z.N. Chen, T. Li, F.H. Lin, X. Yin, Characterization of metasurface lens antenna for sub-6 GHZ dual-polarization full-dimension massive MIMO and multibeam systems. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68(3), 1366\u20131377 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2020.2968849","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"2443_CR36","unstructured":"W. Krzysztofik, \u201cFractal geometry in electromagnetics applications -from antenna to metamaterials,\u201d 2013. Accessed: Jan. 17, 2025. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.mtt-serbia.org.rs\/files\/MWR\/MWR2013dec\/Vol19No2-02-WKrzysztofik.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2443_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/e18030084","volume":"18","author":"E Guariglia","year":"2016","unstructured":"E. Guariglia, Entropy and fractal antennas. Entropy 18(3), 84 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e18030084","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"9","key":"2443_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3390\/e20090714","volume":"20","author":"E Guariglia","year":"2018","unstructured":"E. Guariglia, Harmonic sierpinski gasket and applications. Entropy 20(9), 714 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e20090714","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2003.1189650","volume":"45","author":"DH Wqrner","year":"2003","unstructured":"D.H. Wqrner, S. Ganguly, An overview of fractal antenna engineering research. IEEE Antennas Propag. Magaz. 45(1), 38\u201357 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MAP.2003.1189650","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Magaz."},{"key":"2443_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42105-6_16","volume-title":"Engineering Mathematics II: Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics","author":"E Guariglia","year":"2016","unstructured":"E. Guariglia, S. Silvestrov, Fractional-Wavelet Analysis of Positive definite Distributions and Wavelets on, in Engineering Mathematics II: Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics. ed. by S. Silvestrov, M. Ran\u010di\u0107 (Springer, Cham, 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-42105-6_16"},{"key":"2443_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1980.0044","volume":"370","author":"MV Berry","year":"1980","unstructured":"M.V. Berry, Z.V. Lewis, J.F. Nye, On the weierstrass-mandelbrot fractal function. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci. 370, 459\u2013484 (1980). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.1980.0044","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02443-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02443-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02443-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T18:20:42Z","timestamp":1743272442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02443-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02443-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"20"}}