{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:56:17Z","timestamp":1780502177674,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019904","name":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019904","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This paper presents a comparative analysis of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) technology versus conventional amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relay schemes in wireless communication. By focusing on transmit power, energy efficiency, and the minimum IRS elements required to outperform traditional relaying, we explore IRS\u2019s potential as an energy efficient alternative. Our analysis shows that IRS configurations, especially with optimal phase shifts, achieve substantial power savings and superior energy efficiency over to AF and DF relays. Moreover, IRS requires fewer elements to meet or exceed relaying performance under higher data rate demands, making it an ideal choice for energy conscious, high performance network designs. These results highlight IRS technology as a promising solution for sustainable, next-generation communication networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-025-02453-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T14:47:27Z","timestamp":1744814847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative analysis of intelligent reflecting surfaces and AF\/DF relaying for energy efficient wireless communication"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Parashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumen","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2453_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600343","volume":"24","author":"Q Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Q. Wu, G.Y. Li, W. Chen, D. Ng, R. Schober, An overview of sustainable green 5G networks. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 24(4), 72\u201380 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2453_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2550338","volume":"34","author":"S Buzzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"S. Buzzi, I. Chih-Lin, T.E. Klein, H. Vincent Poor, C. Yang, A. Zappone, A survey of energy-efficient techniques for 5G networks and challenges ahead. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 34(4), 697\u2013709 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2453_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2816577","volume":"66","author":"H Sha","year":"2018","unstructured":"H. Sha, F. Rusek, O. Edfors, Beyond Massive MIMO: the potential of data transmission with large intelligent surfaces. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 66(10), 2746\u20132758 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"2453_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06802-0","volume":"9","author":"L Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"L. Zhang, X.Q. Chen, S. Liu, Q. Zhang, J. Zhao, J.Y. Dai, G.D. Bai, X. Wan, Q. Cheng, G. Castaldi et al., Space-time-coding digital metasurfaces. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 4334 (2018)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2453_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1145\/3192336","volume":"61","author":"C Liaskos","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. Liaskos, A. Tsioliaridou, A. Pitsillides, S. Ioannidis, I. Akyildiz, Using any surface to realize a new paradigm for wireless communications. Commun. ACM 61(11), 30\u201333 (2018)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"9","key":"2453_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700659","volume":"56","author":"C Liaskos","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. Liaskos, S. Nie, A. Tsioliaridou, A. Pitsillides, S. Ioannidis, I. Akyildiz, A new wireless communication paradigm through software-controlled metasurfaces. IEEE Commun. Mag. 56(9), 162\u2013169 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"2453_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Tan, Z. Sun, D. Koutsonikolas, J.M. Jornet, Enabling indoor mobile millimeter-wave networks based on smart reflect-arrays. IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE, 2018), p. 270\u2013278","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485924"},{"key":"2453_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Huang, G.C. Alexandropoulos, A. Zappone, M. Debbah, C. Yuen, Energy efficient multi-user MISO communication using low resolution large intelligent surfaces. IEEE Globecom Workshops (IEEE, 2018), p. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644519"},{"issue":"4","key":"2453_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6495775","volume":"51","author":"R Heath","year":"2013","unstructured":"R. Heath, S. Peters, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, A current perspective on distributed antenna systems for the downlink of cellular systems. IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(4), 161\u2013167 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"2","key":"2453_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3187865","volume":"17","author":"MA Kurt","year":"2022","unstructured":"M.A. Kurt, E. Basar, Flexible spatial modulation with transmit antenna selection for MIMO systems. IEEE Syst. J. 17(2), 2315\u20132318 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"2453_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6889","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3336059","volume":"23","author":"S Marwaha","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Marwaha, E.A. Jorswieck, M.S. Jassim, T. K\u00fcrner, D.L. P\u00e9rez, X. Geng, H. Bao, Energy efficient operation of adaptive massive MIMO 5G HetNets. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 23(7), 6889\u20136904 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2453_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.092112.120211","volume":"11","author":"B Sainath","year":"2012","unstructured":"B. Sainath, N.B. Mehta, Generalizing the amplify-and-forward relay gain model: an optimal SEP perspective. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 11(11), 4118\u20134127 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2453_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2305737","volume":"21","author":"J Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"J. Huang, Q. Li, Q. Zhang, G. Zhang, J. Qin, Relay beamforming for amplify-and-forward multi-antenna relay networks with energy harvesting constraint. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 21(4), 454\u2013458 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2453_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.907821","volume":"56","author":"C-B Chae","year":"2008","unstructured":"C.-B. Chae, T. Tang, R.W. Heath, S. Cho, MIMO relaying with linear processing for multiuser transmission in fixed relay networks. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 56(2), 727\u2013738 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"2453_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2292031","volume":"62","author":"A Zappone","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. Zappone, P. Cao, E.A. Jorswieck, Energy efficiency optimization in relay-assisted MIMO systems with perfect and statistical CSI. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 62(2), 443\u2013457 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"2453_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2950624","volume":"9","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"E. Bj\u00f6rnson, \u00d6. \u00d6zdogan, E.G. Larsson, Intelligent reflecting surface versus decode-and-forward: how large surfaces are needed to beat relaying? IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 9(2), 244\u2013248 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02453-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02453-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02453-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T03:45:40Z","timestamp":1745984740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02453-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02453-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors do not have any financial and nonfinancial conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing of interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}