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These satellite backhaul links are expected to play a crucial role in the integration and expansion of future 6G networks. Phased array antennas, essential for agile beam steering and continuous satellite tracking, are often implemented with many elements but without a dedicated digital receiver per antenna. Instead, signals are combined in hardware to reduce system cost and complexity. This paper presents an analytical evaluation of the beam steering performance of such analog-combined arrays. The analysis reveals performance degradation and limitations in the beampattern compared with fully digital arrays. Simulation results support the analytical model and quantify the impact of reduced digital reception on array performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-025-02543-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T12:34:10Z","timestamp":1766320450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beam steering limitations in hardware-combined phased arrays for LEO satellite communications"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline G.","family":"Truppel Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Apolin\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio A.","family":"B. Saunders Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio L.","family":"L. Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.F. Warnick, R. Maaskant, M.V. Ivashina, D.B. Davidson, B.D. Jeffs, Phased Arrays for Radio Astronomy, Remote Sensing, and Satellite Communications (EuMA High Frequency Technologies Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2018)","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108539258"},{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2494879","volume":"104","author":"JS Herd","year":"2016","unstructured":"J.S. Herd, M.D. Conway, The evolution to modern phased array architectures. Proc. 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