{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:41:22Z","timestamp":1777545682687,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-025-02566-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T06:47:05Z","timestamp":1767509225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reducing the peak-to-average power ration for NOMA waveform with diverse channel using micro genetic algorithm-based partial transmission sequence algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Arun","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehedi","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziz","family":"Nanthaamornphong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2566_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2022-0470","author":"EE Eldukhri","year":"2024","unstructured":"E.E. Eldukhri, M.I.A. Rayif, A conditionally applied neural network algorithm for PAPR reduction without the use of a recovery process. ETRI J. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4218\/etrij.2022-0470","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"2566_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-024-00648-9","author":"S Bolla","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Bolla, M. Singh, Joint optimization-based QoS and PAPR reduction technique for energy-efficient massive MIMO system. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-024-00648-9","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"2566_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-024-02414-z","author":"A Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"A. Kumar, N. Gaur, A.A. Aly, A. Nanthaamornphong, PAPR reduction of OTFS using an automatic amplitude reduction neural network with vendermonde matrix\u2011based PTS and SLM algorithms. J. Wireless Com. Network (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-024-02414-z","journal-title":"J. Wireless Com. Network"},{"key":"2566_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Xu, Y. Chen, Y. Lu, J. Liu and F. Hu, Improved elitist genetic algorithm optimization based PTS to PAPR reduction for multi-carrier signals. In: 2022 IEEE 6th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC), Chongqing, China, 2022, pp. 1746\u20131750, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITOEC53115.2022.9734372.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITOEC53115.2022.9734372"},{"key":"2566_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20901","author":"A Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"A. Kumar, K. Rajagopal, N. Alruwais, H.M. Alshahrani, H. Mahgoub, K.M. Othman, PAPR reduction using SLM-PTS-CT hybrid PAPR method for optical NOMA waveform. Heliyon (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20901","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2566_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15082738","author":"F Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"F. Hu, Y. Lu, L. Jin, J. Liu, Z. Xia, G. Zhang, J. Xiao, Hybrid-domain evaluation PTS with adaptive selection methods for PAPR reduction. Energies (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15082738","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2566_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12321","author":"L Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Li, L. Xue, X. Chen, D. Yuan, Partial transmit sequence based on discrete particle swarm optimization with threshold about PAPR reduction in FBMC\/OQAM system. IET Commun. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cmu2.12321","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"2566_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2011-126","author":"JK Lain","year":"2011","unstructured":"J.K. Lain, S.Y. Wu, P.H. Yang, PAPR reduction of OFDM signals using PTS: a real-valued genetic approach. EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw. (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1687-1499-2011-126","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw."},{"key":"2566_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-013-4963-x","author":"Z Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Z. Chen, S. Zhang, L. Yang et al., Optimal phase searching of PTS using modified genetic algorithm for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems. Sci. China Inf. Sci. (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11432-013-4963-x","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"2566_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Abdalmunam, M. Anuar, M.N. Junta, N.M. Nawawi, A. Noori, Implementation of particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to tackle the PAPR problem of OFDM system. In: IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/767\/1\/012030","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/767\/1\/012030"},{"issue":"6","key":"2566_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061918","volume":"24","author":"BSDC da Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"B.S.D.C. da Silva, V.D. Souto, R.D. Souza, L.L. Mendes, A survey of PAPR techniques based on machine learning. Sensors 24(6), 1918 (2024)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2566_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/joe.2018.5340","author":"S Prasad","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. Prasad, R. Jayabalan, PAPR reduction in OFDM using scaled particle swarm optimisation based partial transmit sequence technique. J. Eng. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/joe.2018.5340","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"2566_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2024.100137","author":"S Elaage","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Elaage, A. Hmamou, M.E. Ghzaoui, N. Mrani, PAPR reduction techniques optimization-based OFDM signal for wireless communication systems. Telemat. Inform. Rep. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.teler.2024.100137","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2566_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2022.022899","volume":"42","author":"A Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Kumar, S. Chakravarty, S. Suganya, M. Masud, S. Aljahdali, PAPR reduction using advanced partial transmission scheme for 5G waveforms. Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng. 42(2), 483\u2013492 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/csse.2022.022899","journal-title":"Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2566_CR15","first-page":"101608","volume":"50","author":"E Abdullah","year":"2024","unstructured":"E. Abdullah, W.N.W. Kaharudin Dimyati, N.I. Muhamad, R.M. Shuhaimi, N.M. Hidayat, Deep learning based asymmetrical autoencoder for PAPR reduction of CP-OFDM systems. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 50, 101608 (2024)","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2566_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2023.021540","volume":"45","author":"A Jameer Basha","year":"2023","unstructured":"A. Jameer Basha, M. Ramya Devi, S. Lokesh, P. Sivaranjani, D. Mansoor Hussain, V. Padhy, PSO-DBNet for peak-to-average power ratio reduction using deep belief network. Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng. 45(2), 1483\u20131493 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/csse.2023.021540","journal-title":"Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2566_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5309","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2021269","volume":"18","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Yang, X. Wei, R. Xu, L. Peng, When high PAPR reduction meets CNN: a PRD framework. Math. Biosci. Eng. 18(5), 5309\u20135320 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/mbe.2021269","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"2566_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-022-02024-9","volume":"47","author":"A Mayakannan","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Mayakannan, C. Arvind, P. Dhinakar et al., Neural network-based regression assisted PAPR reduction method for OFDM systems. S\u0101dhan\u0101 47, 242 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12046-022-02024-9","journal-title":"S\u0101dhan\u0101"},{"key":"2566_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103492","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Yuan, S. Wei, X. Luo, Z. Xu, X. Guan, Adaptive PTS scheme based on fuzzy neural network for PAPR reduction in OFDM system. Digit. Signal Process. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103492","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"2566_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3103\/S0735272723050035","volume":"66","author":"N Gour","year":"2023","unstructured":"N. Gour, N. Gaur, H. Sharma, Enhancing peak power efficiency of NOMA waveform for 5G and beyond 5G using SLM algorithm. Radioelectron. Commun. Syst. 66, 138\u2013145 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3103\/S0735272723050035","journal-title":"Radioelectron. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"2566_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.104893","author":"A Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"A. Kumar, N. Gaur, A. Nanthaamornphong, Reducing PAPR in NOMA waveforms using genetic-enhanced PTS and SLM: a low-complexity approach for improved throughput, power spectral density, and power efficiency. Results Eng. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.104893","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"2566_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. W. Yoga, T. Suryani and Suwadi, Application PTS technique for PAPR reduction in MIMO OFDM using WARP. In: 2016 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA), Lombok, Indonesia, 2016, pp. 317\u2013322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISITIA.2016.7828679.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISITIA.2016.7828679"},{"issue":"12","key":"2566_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info10120390","volume":"10","author":"A Hassanat","year":"2019","unstructured":"A. Hassanat, K. Almohammadi, E. Alkafaween, E. Abunawas, A. Hammouri, V.B. Surya Prasath, Choosing mutation and crossover ratios for genetic algorithms\u2014a review with a new dynamic approach. Information 10(12), 390 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info10120390","journal-title":"Information"}],"container-title":["Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02566-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02566-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02566-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T14:18:50Z","timestamp":1772893130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02566-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-025-02566-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["3091-4531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3091-4531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}