{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:49:46Z","timestamp":1740145786249,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Image Video Proc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-018-0303-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T09:49:48Z","timestamp":1532425788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cascade of Boolean detector combinations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2412-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katariina","family":"Mahkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuomas","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joni","family":"K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"303_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Yang, P Luo, C-C Loy, X Tang, in The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Wider face: A face detection benchmark, (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.596"},{"key":"303_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Zhang, R Benenson, M Omran, J Hosang, B Schiele, in The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). How far are we from solving pedestrian detection? (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.141"},{"key":"303_CR3","unstructured":"T Virtanen, A Mesaros, T Heittola, MD Plumbley, P Foster, E Benetos, M Lagrange, Proceedings of the Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events 2016 Workshop (DCASE2016) (Tampere University of Technology. Department of Signal Processing, 2016). ISBN (Electronic): 978-952-15-3807-0."},{"key":"303_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Ashbourn, Biometrics: Advanced Identity Verification: the Complete Guide (Springer, 2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04159-9_5"},{"key":"303_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Courbet, D Endy, E Renard, F Molina, J Bonnet, Detection of pathological biomarkers in human clinical samples via amplifying genetic switches and logic gates. Sci. Transl. Med. 7(289) (2015).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa3601"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR6","first-page":"163","volume":"79","author":"E Boros","year":"1997","unstructured":"E Boros, PL Hammer, T Ibaraki, A Kogan, Logical analysis of numerical data. Math. Program. 79(1), 163\u2013190 (1997).","journal-title":"Math. Program"},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.08.014","volume":"31","author":"S Petridis","year":"2013","unstructured":"S Petridis, B Martinez, M Pantic, The MAHNOB laughter database. Image Vis. Comput. 31(2), 186\u2013202 (2013).","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput"},{"key":"303_CR8","unstructured":"A Mesaros, T Heittola, A Eronen, T Virtanen, in Signal Processing Conference, 2010 18th European. Acoustic event detection in real life recordings (IEEE, 2010), pp. 1267\u20131271."},{"key":"303_CR9","unstructured":"J Daugman, Biometric Decision Landscapes, vol. 482 (University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, 2000)."},{"key":"303_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Oxley, SN Thorsen, CM Schubert, in Information Fusion, 2007 10th International Conference On. A boolean algebra of receiver operating characteristic curves (IEEE, 2007), pp. 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2007.4408152"},{"issue":"5","key":"303_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.09.036","volume":"42","author":"Q Tao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Q Tao, R Veldhuis, Threshold-optimized decision-level fusion and its application to biometrics. Pattern Recog. 42(5), 823\u2013836 (2009).","journal-title":"Pattern Recog"},{"key":"303_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Venkataramani, BV Kumar, in Multimedia Content Representation, Classification and Security. Role of statistical dependence between classifier scores in determining the best decision fusion rule for improved biometric verification (Springer, 2006), pp. 489\u2013496.","DOI":"10.1007\/11848035_65"},{"key":"303_CR13","unstructured":"M Barreno, A Cardenas, JD Tygar, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 20. Optimal roc curve for a combination of classifiers, (2008), pp. 57\u201364."},{"issue":"8","key":"303_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.03.006","volume":"43","author":"W Khreich","year":"2010","unstructured":"W Khreich, E Granger, A Miri, R Sabourin, Iterative boolean combination of classifiers in the roc space: an application to anomaly detection with hmms. Pattern Recognit. 43(8), 2732\u20132752 (2010).","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"3","key":"303_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBM.2012.047645","volume":"4","author":"E Granger","year":"2012","unstructured":"E Granger, W Khreich, R Sabourin, Fusion of biometric systems using boolean combination: an application to iris-based authentication. Int. J. Biometrics. 4(3), 291\u2013315 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometrics"},{"key":"303_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.6339\/JDS.2008.06(2).411","volume":"6","author":"C Shen","year":"2008","unstructured":"C Shen, On the principles of believe the positive and believe the negative for diagnosis using two continuous tests. J. Data Sci. 6:, 189\u2013205 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Data Sci"},{"key":"303_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Crama, PL Hammer, Boolean Functions: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications (Cambridge University Press, 2011).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511852008"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10472-007-9065-2","volume":"49","author":"G Alexe","year":"2007","unstructured":"G Alexe, S Alexe, TO Bonates, A Kogan, Logical analysis of data \u2013 the vision of peter l. hammer. Ann. Math. Artif. Intell. 49(1), 265\u2013312 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Artif. Intell"},{"key":"303_CR19","volume-title":"Logical Analysis of Data: Theory, Methodology and Applications","author":"I Chikalov","year":"2013","unstructured":"I Chikalov, V Lozin, I Lozina, M Moshkov, HS Nguyen, A Skowron, B Zielosko, Logical Analysis of Data: Theory, Methodology and Applications (Springer, Berlin, 2013)."},{"key":"303_CR20","unstructured":"PL Hammer, Partially defined boolean functions and cause-effect relationships. Lecture in International Conference on Multi-attribute Decision Making Via OR-based Expert Systems (1986)."},{"key":"303_CR21","unstructured":"RS Michalski. (RS Michalski, JG Carbonell, TM Mitchell, eds.) (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1983)."},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01581082","volume":"57","author":"AP Kamath","year":"1992","unstructured":"AP Kamath, NK Karmarkar, KG Ramakrishnan, MGC Resende, A continuous approach to inductive inference. Math. Program. 57(1), 215\u2013238 (1992).","journal-title":"Math. Program"},{"issue":"8","key":"303_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","volume":"27","author":"T Fawcett","year":"2006","unstructured":"T Fawcett, An introduction to roc analysis. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 27(8), 861\u2013874 (2006).","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2140\/pjm.1979.81.411","volume":"81","author":"P Hess","year":"1979","unstructured":"P Hess, Dedekind\u2019s problem: monotone boolean functions on the lattice of divisors of an integer. Pacific J. Math. 81(2), 411\u2013415 (1979).","journal-title":"Pacific J. Math"},{"key":"303_CR25","unstructured":"RS Michalski, in V international Symposium on Information Processing (FCIP 69), Vol A3 (Switching Circuits). On the quasi-minimal solution of the general covering problem, (1969)."},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7177(97)00255-0","volume":"27","author":"AS Deshpande","year":"1998","unstructured":"AS Deshpande, E Triantaphyllou, A greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (grasp) for inferring logical clauses from examples in polynomial time and some extensions. Math. Comput. Model. 27(1), 75\u201399 (1998).","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model"},{"key":"303_CR27","unstructured":"F Pawley, A Syder, The one-clause-at-a-time hypothesis. Perspect. Fluen, 163\u2013199 (2000)."},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR28","first-page":"81","volume":"1","author":"JR Quinlan","year":"1986","unstructured":"JR Quinlan, Induction of decision trees. Mach. Learn. 1(1), 81\u2013106 (1986).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn"},{"key":"303_CR29","volume-title":"C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning","author":"JR Quinlan","year":"1993","unstructured":"JR Quinlan, C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, 1993)."},{"key":"303_CR30","volume-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","author":"L Breiman","year":"1984","unstructured":"L Breiman, JH Friedman, RA Olshen, CJ Stone, Classification and Regression Trees (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1984)."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"303_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2003.08.013","volume":"144","author":"PL Hammer","year":"2004","unstructured":"PL Hammer, A Kogan, B Simeone, S Szedm\u00e1k, Pareto-optimal patterns in logical analysis of data. Discrete Appl. Math. 144(1-2), 79\u2013102 (2004).","journal-title":"Discrete Appl. Math"},{"issue":"7","key":"303_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2005.03.032","volume":"154","author":"S Alexe","year":"2006","unstructured":"S Alexe, PL Hammer, Accelerated algorithm for pattern detection in logical analysis of data. Discret. Appl. Math. 154(7), 1050\u20131063 (2006). Discrete Mathematics and Data Mining II (DM and DM II).","journal-title":"Discret. Appl. Math"},{"issue":"6","key":"303_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2007.06.004","volume":"156","author":"TO Bonates","year":"2008","unstructured":"TO Bonates, PL Hammer, A Kogan, Maximum patterns in datasets. Discret. Appl. Math. 156(6), 846\u2013861 (2008). Discrete Mathematics and Data Mining II.","journal-title":"Discret. Appl. Math"},{"key":"303_CR34","unstructured":"RS Michalski, I Mozetic, J Hong, N Lavrac, in Proceedings of the Fifth AAAI National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI\u201986. The multi-purpose incremental learning system aq15 and its testing application to three medical domains (AAAI Press, 1986), pp. 1041\u20131045."},{"key":"303_CR35","unstructured":"RE Reinke, in Machine Intelligence 11, ed. by JE Hayes, D Michie, and J Richards. Incremental Learning of Concept. Descriptions: A Method and. Experimental Results (Clarendon Press Oxford, 1988)."},{"issue":"12","key":"303_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0548(01)00050-8","volume":"29","author":"SN Sanchez","year":"2002","unstructured":"SN Sanchez, E Triantaphyllou, J Chen, TW Liao, An incremental learning algorithm for constructing boolean functions from positive and negative examples. Comput. Oper. Res. 29(12), 1677\u20131700 (2002).","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/34.899945","volume":"23","author":"R Feraund","year":"2001","unstructured":"R Feraund, OJ Bernier, J-E Viallet, M Collobert, A fast and accurate face detector based on neural networks. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(1), 42\u201353 (2001).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"303_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Viola, MJ Jones, Robust real-time face detection. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 57(2) (2001).","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb"},{"key":"303_CR39","unstructured":"L Lefakis, F Fleuret, in NIPS. Joint cascade optimization using a product of boosted classifiers, (2010)."},{"issue":"10","key":"303_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.281","volume":"34","author":"MJ Saberian","year":"2012","unstructured":"MJ Saberian, N Vasconcelos, Learning optimal embedded cascades. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34(10), 2005\u20132018 (2012).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"303_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0608-1","volume":"103","author":"C Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"C Shen, P Wang, S Paisitkriangkrai, A van den Hengel, Training effective node classifiers for cascade classification. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 103:, 326\u2013347 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis"},{"key":"303_CR42","unstructured":"H Li, Z Lin, X Shen, J Brandt, G Hua, in The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). A convolutional neural network cascade for face detection, (2015), pp. 5325\u20135334."},{"key":"303_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VC Raykar, B Krishnapuram, S Yu, in ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD). Designing efficient cascaded classifiers: tradeoff between accuracy and cost, (2010).","DOI":"10.1145\/1835804.1835912"},{"key":"303_CR44","unstructured":"M Chen, Z Xu, KQ Weinberger, O Chapelle, D Kedem, in AISTATS. Classifier cascade for minimizing feature evaluation cost, (2012)."},{"key":"303_CR45","unstructured":"J Sochman, J Matas, in The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Waldboost - learning for time constrained sequential detection, (2005)."},{"key":"303_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Wu, S-C Zhu, in ICCV. Learning near-optimal cost-sensitive decision policy for object detection, (2013).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.98"},{"key":"303_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MM Dundar, J Bi, in The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Joint optimization of cascaded classifiers for computer aided detection, (2007).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383093"},{"key":"303_CR48","unstructured":"C Zhang, P Viola, in NIPS. Multiple-instance pruning for learning efficient cascade detectors, (2007)."},{"key":"303_CR49","unstructured":"X Zhu, D Ramanan, in The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild, (2012), pp. 2879\u20132886."},{"key":"303_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Mahkonen, J-K K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen, T Virtanen, in Computer Vision-ACCV 2014 Workshops. Lifelog scene change detection using cascades of audio and video detectors (Springer, 2014), pp. 434\u2013444.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16634-6_32"},{"key":"303_CR51","unstructured":"J Lankinen, J-K K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen, in VISAPP (1). Video shot boundary detection using visual bag-of-words, (2013), pp. 788\u2013791."},{"key":"303_CR52","unstructured":"R Research, C5.0. http:\/\/rulequest.com\/download.html . Accessed 2018."},{"key":"303_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Rudovic, S Petridis, M Pantic, in Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Multimedia. Bimodal log-linear regression for fusion of audio and visual features (ACM, 2013), pp. 789\u2013792.","DOI":"10.1145\/2502081.2502207"},{"key":"303_CR54","unstructured":"S Petridis, V Rajgarhia, M Pantic, Comparison of Single-model and Multiple-model Prediction-based Audiovisual Fusion, ISCA Speech Organisation (2015)."},{"key":"303_CR55","unstructured":"H Rao, Z Ye, Y Li, MA Clements, A Rozga, JM Rehg, in Joint Conference on Facial Analysis, Animation and Audio-Visual Speech Processing (FAAVSP). Combining acoustic and visual features to detect laughter in adults\u2019 speech, (2015), pp. 153\u2013156."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13640-018-0303-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13640-018-0303-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13640-018-0303-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T22:43:43Z","timestamp":1693781023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jivp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13640-018-0303-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13640-018-0303-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5281"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-5281"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"People appearing in the videos of Mahnob Laughter dataset have given their consent for data usage for research purposes.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"61"}}