{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:49:43Z","timestamp":1740145783677,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Image Video Proc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation simulator is used to objectively evaluate the parameter selection within the digital spotlighting process. Specifically, recommendations for the filter type and filter order of the low-pass filters used in the range and azimuth decimation processes within the digital spotlighting algorithm are determined to maximize image quality and minimize computational cost. Results show that a finite impulse response low-pass filter with a Taylor <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$(\\overline {n}=5)$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo><mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> window applied provides the highest image quality over a wide range of filter orders and decimation factors. Additionally, a linear relationship between filter length and decimation factor is found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-019-0481-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T16:02:32Z","timestamp":1573833752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Digital spotlighting filtering optimization for SAR imaging"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3855-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Balster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Mundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Kordik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kerry L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"481_CR1","unstructured":"M. Soumekh, in Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 1. Digital spotlighting and coherent subaperture image formation for stripmap synthetic aperture radar (IEEE, 1994), pp. 476\u2013480."},{"key":"481_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/ars-4-85-2006","volume":"3","author":"A. Dallinger","year":"2006","unstructured":"A. Dallinger, S. Schelkshorn, J. Detlefsen, Efficient \u03c9-k-algorithm for circular SAR and cylindrical reconstruction areas. Adv. Radio Sci. 4.B. 3:, 85\u201391 (2006).","journal-title":"Adv. Radio Sci. 4.B"},{"key":"481_CR3","unstructured":"L. Nguyen, et al., Enhancement of backprojection SAR imagery using digital spotlighting preprocessing (IEEE, 2004)."},{"issue":"4","key":"481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1109\/7.976954","volume":"37","author":"M. Soumekh","year":"2001","unstructured":"M. Soumekh, et al., Signal processing of wide bandwidth and wide beamwidth P-3 SAR data. IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electr. Syst.37(4), 1122\u20131141 (2001).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electr. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"481_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046022","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.046022","volume":"11","author":"E. J. Balster","year":"2017","unstructured":"E. J. Balster, F. A. Scarpino, A. M. Kordik, K. L. Hill, Synthetic aperture radar imaging simulator for pulse envelope evaluation. J. Appl. Remote Sensing. 11(4), 046022 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. J. Balster, et al., in Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on OpenCL. Gpgpu acceleration using opencl for a spotlight sar simulator. (ACM, 2017), p. 1.","DOI":"10.1145\/3078155.3078157"},{"issue":"4","key":"481_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","volume":"13","author":"Z. Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Z. Wang, et al., Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process.13(4), 600\u2013612 (2004).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046022","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.046022","volume":"11","author":"E. J. Balster","year":"2017","unstructured":"E. J. Balster, F. A. Scarpino, A. M. Kordik, K. L. Hill, Synthetic aperture radar imaging simulator for pulse envelope evaluation. J. Appl. Remote Sensing. 11(4), 046022 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"481_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. E. Dungan, L. A. Gorham, L. J. Moore, in Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XX. Vol. 8746. SAR digital spotlight implementation in MATLAB (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2013).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2020884"},{"key":"481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. W. Doerry, Anatomy of a SAR impulse response. No. SAND2007-5042 (Sandia National Laboratories, 2007).","DOI":"10.2172\/920461"},{"key":"481_CR11","unstructured":"C. V. J. Jakowatz, et al., Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012)."},{"key":"481_CR12","unstructured":"USC Signal and Image Processing Institute. http:\/\/sipi.usc.edu\/database. Accessed 31 July 2019."},{"key":"481_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. A. Gorham, L. J. Moore, in Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XVII. Vol. 7699. SAR image formation toolbox for MATLAB (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2010).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.855375"},{"key":"481_CR14","unstructured":"GOTCHA 2008 Dataset. https:\/\/www.sdms.afrl.af.mil\/index.php?collection=gotcha. Accessed 31 July 2019."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13640-019-0481-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13640-019-0481-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13640-019-0481-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:04:52Z","timestamp":1605312292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jivp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13640-019-0481-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13640-019-0481-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5281"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-5281"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}