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As a result, several hand-based recognition techniques have been proposed with the aim of identifying both wanted criminals and missing victims. The great success of deep neural networks and their application in a variety of computer vision and pattern recognition tasks has led to hand-based algorithms achieving high identification performance on controlled images with few variations in, e.g., background context and hand gestures. This article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature focused on contactless hand biometrics together with an in-depth analysis of the identification performance of freely available deep learning-based hand recognition systems under various scenarios. Based on the performance benchmark, the relevant technical considerations and trade-offs of state-of-the-art methods are discussed, as well as further topics related to this research field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-024-00642-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T10:02:10Z","timestamp":1725530530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Contactless hand biometrics for forensics:  review and performance benchmark"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6470-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazaro Janier","family":"Gonzalez-Soler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper Marek","family":"Zyla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rathgeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"642_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420068658","volume-title":"Fingerprints: analysis and understanding","author":"M Hawthorne","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. 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