{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:19:35Z","timestamp":1759133975648,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Korea, under the Information Technology Research Center (ITRC) support program","award":["IITP-2018-2018-0-01419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2018-2018-0-01419"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cloud computing based on OpenStack is widely used as a distributed computing platform. OpenStack has progressed at a rapid pace, incorporating a variety of service modules; it is supported by many companies, has a community of active developers, and a diverse user base. OpenStack uses message queue to coordinate and exchange operation and status information between services. OpenStack supports various message queue services including RabbitMQ, Qpid, and ZeroMQ, whereas its distribution architecture uses RabbitMQ. As an OpenStack\u2019s message queue service, RabbitMQ runs on a controller node as a centralized service. In case of the centralized service, increased usage may cause slowed response times and security vulnerability. This paper proposes a Hybrid decentralized Practical byzantine fault tolerance Blockchain Framework with two-step verification for OpenStack message queue service. When compared to existing OpenStack message queue service, OpenStack with the proposed framework demonstrates identical reliability a faster response time by approximately 46.75% with a two-step verification process and decentralization approach. Additionally, a reduction in the security vulnerability in the OpenStack message queue information with saving the message queue information into each node by blockchain-based decentralized data duplication approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-020-00238-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T10:04:38Z","timestamp":1594807478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hybrid decentralized PBFT Blockchain Framework for OpenStack message queue"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0811-0215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngjong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jinho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"238_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasim R, Kassler AJ (2014) Deploying openstack: Virtual infrastructure or dedicated hardware. In: 2014 IEEE 38th international computer software and applications conference workshops (COMPSACW), July 2014, pp 84\u201389","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSACW.2014.18"},{"key":"238_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosado T, Bernardino J (2014) An overview of OpenStack architecture. In: Proceedings of the 18th international database engineering & applications symposium, Porto, Portugal, July 2014","DOI":"10.1145\/2628194.2628195"},{"key":"238_CR3","unstructured":"Message queuing. https:\/\/docs.openstack.org\/security-guide\/messaging.html. Accessed 17 Nov 2019"},{"key":"238_CR4","unstructured":"Beloglazov A, Piraghaj SF, Alrokayan M, Buyya R (2012) Deploying OpenStack on CentOS using the KVM hypervisor and GlusterFS distributed file system.\u201d Technical Report CLOUDS-TR-2012-3, Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Aug 2012"},{"key":"238_CR5","volume-title":"RabbitMQ in action: distributed messaging for everyone","author":"A Videla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Videla A, Williams JJW (2012) RabbitMQ in action: distributed messaging for everyone. Manning, Shelter Island"},{"key":"238_CR6","unstructured":"Apache Qpid. http:\/\/qpid.apache.org. Accessed 17 Nov 2019"},{"key":"238_CR7","volume-title":"Messaging for many applications","author":"P Hintjens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hintjens P (2013) ZeroMQ. Messaging for many applications. Sebastopol, O\u2019Reilly Media"},{"key":"238_CR8","unstructured":"Documentation: Table of Contents. https:\/\/www.rabbitmq.com\/documentation.html. Accessed 17 Nov 2019"},{"key":"238_CR9","first-page":"19","volume":"71","author":"P De Filippi","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Filippi P (2016) The interplay between decentralization and privacy: the case of blockchain technologies. J Peer Prod 71:19","journal-title":"J Peer Prod"},{"key":"238_CR10","unstructured":"Gupta AK, Ostner K (2008) Database backup system using data and user-defined routines replicators for maintaining a copy of database on a secondary server. U.S. Patent 7,383.293 B2, Jun. 2008"},{"key":"238_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, Chen X, Wang H (2017). An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends. In 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData Congress). IEEE, New York, pp 557\u2013564","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2017.85"},{"issue":"1999","key":"238_CR12","first-page":"173","volume":"99","author":"M Castro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Castro M, Liskov B (1999) Practical Byzantine fault tolerance. OSDI 99(1999):173\u2013186","journal-title":"OSDI"},{"key":"238_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan S, Reiter MK, Zhang H (2018) BEAT: asynchronous BFT made practical. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security. ACM, New York, pp. 2028\u20132041","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243812"},{"key":"238_CR14","unstructured":"AMQP 0-9-1 Model explained https:\/\/www.rabbitmq.com\/tutorials\/amqp-concepts.html. Accessed 17 Nov 2019"},{"key":"238_CR15","unstructured":"OpenStack Compute (Nova) https:\/\/docs.openstack.org\/nova\/latest\/. Accessed 17 Nov 2019"},{"key":"238_CR16","unstructured":"AMQP and Nova https:\/\/docs.openstack.org\/nova\/queens\/reference\/rpc.html. Accessed 17 Nov 2019"},{"key":"238_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sze WK, Srivastava A, Sekar R (2016) Hardening OpenStack cloud platforms against compute node compromises. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM on Asia conference on computer and communications security, ASIA CCS\u201916. ACM, New York, pp. 341\u2013352","DOI":"10.1145\/2897845.2897851"},{"key":"238_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang F, Dou K, Chen S, Hou M, Kang JU, Cho S (2015) Optimizing NoSQL DB on flash: a case study of RocksDB. In: 2015 IEEE 12th international conference on ubiquitous intelligence and computing and 2015 IEEE 12th international conference on autonomic and trusted computing and 2015 IEEE 15th international conference on scalable computing and communications and its associated workshops (UIC-ATC-ScalCom). 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