{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:56:59Z","timestamp":1774364219446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the ex-R \u00e9gion Limosin"},{"name":"ID-Fix project","award":["ect (ANR-16-CE3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ect (ANR-16-CE3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) is a self-organized network formed  by connected vehicles, which allows the exchange of useful traffic information in a timely manner. In such a context, evaluating the reliability of transmissions is vital. Trust can be used to promote such healthy collaboration. In fact, trust enables collaborating vehicles to counter uncertainty and suspicion by establishing trustworthy relationships. The main contribution of this paper is the proposition of a trust-based security scheme for message exchange in a VANET called TSME. Because of VANET characteristics, including dynamicity and high speed, we first proposed a VANET Grouping Algorithm (VGA); a suitable clustering algorithm organizing the network into groups with elected Group-Heads. Second, built on the VGA, we defined our trust management scheme dealing with vehicles\u2019 reputations. Finally, we proposed a formal specification of the scheme using an inference system, and conducted a formal validation to assess its completeness and soundness rather than conducting simulations where some potentially rare conflicting or malfunctioning situations might not be detected. Soundness was proven by showing that there were no conflicts in our scheme, and completeness was established by assessing that all potential situations could be handled. The results obtained showed that our scheme for evaluating the veracity of exchanged messages is formally sound and complete.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-020-00248-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T04:02:29Z","timestamp":1602907349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["TSME: a trust-based security scheme for message exchange in vehicular Ad hoc networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryma","family":"Abassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Ben Chehida Douss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Sauveron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"248_CR1","first-page":"95","volume":"5","author":"RS Raw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raw RS, Kumar M, Singh N (2013) Security challenges, issues and their solutions for vanet. Int J Netw Secur Appl 5(5):95\u2013105","journal-title":"Int J Netw Secur Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-019-0183-8","volume":"9","author":"V Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi V, Rahmani AM, Darwesh AM, Sahafi A (2019) Trust-based recommendation systems in internet of things: a systematic literature review. Hum Centric Comput Inf Sci 9(1):21","journal-title":"Hum Centric Comput Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR3","first-page":"184","volume":"13","author":"PK Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma PK, Moon SY, Park JH (2017) Block-vn: a distributed blockchain based vehicular network architecture in smart city. J Inf Process Syst 13(1):184\u2013195","journal-title":"J Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"248_CR4","unstructured":"Abassi R, El\u00a0Fatmi S, Guemara A (2015) Countering the collusion attack in a trust-based manet. In Konstantinos Lambrinoudakis, Vincenzo Morabito, and Marinos Themistocleous, editors. In: Proceedings of the European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems. p. 575\u2013585."},{"key":"248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chehida AAB, Abassi R, El\u00a0Fatmi R, Guemara S (2013) A reputation-based clustering mechanism for manet routing security. In: 2013 international conference on availability, reliability and security. IEEE. p 310\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2013.42"},{"key":"248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamvar SD, Schlosser MT, Garcia-Molina H (2003) The eigentrust algorithm for reputation management in p2p networks. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web. Association for Computing Machinery. p 640\u2013651","DOI":"10.1145\/775152.775242"},{"key":"248_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awasthi SK, Singh Y (2020) Absolutetrust: algorithm for aggregation of trust in peer-to-peer networks. IEEE transactions on dependable and secure computing.","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2020.2977641"},{"key":"248_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"D Junqi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Junqi D, Dong Y, Haoqing Z, Sidong Z, Jing Z (2014) Tsrf: a trust-aware secure routing framework in wireless sensor networks. Int J Distrib Sensor Netw 10:1","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sensor Netw"},{"key":"248_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupia A, De\u00a0Rango F (2014) Performance evaluation of secure aodv with trust management under an energy aware perspective. In: International symposium on performance evaluation of computer and telecommunication systems (SPECTS 2014). IEEE. p. 599\u2013606","DOI":"10.1109\/SPECTS.2014.6879999"},{"key":"248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naveena S, Senthilkumar C, Manikandan T (2020) Analysis and countermeasures of black-hole attack in manet by employing trust-based routing. In: 2020 6th international conference on advanced computing and communication systems (ICACCS). p. 1222\u20131227","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS48705.2020.9074282"},{"key":"248_CR11","first-page":"2","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Hongyun X, Cao Q, Li Z, Shen S (2015) Evolutionary game-based trust strategy adjustment among nodes in wireless sensor networks. Int J Distrib Sensor Netw 11:2","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sensor Netw"},{"key":"248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidi A, benahmed PK (2020) Secure cluster head election algorithm and misbehavior detection approach based on trust management technique for clustered wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks. p. 102215.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102215"},{"key":"248_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng JJ, Yuan GY, Zhou MC, GaoSC, Huang ZH, Liu C (2020) A connectivity prediction-based dynamic clustering model for vanet in an urban scene. In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2990935"},{"key":"248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong-hao W (2020) A trust management model for internet of vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 2020 4th international conference on cryptography, security and privacy, New York, NY, USA, 2020. Association for Computing Machinery. p. 136\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1145\/3377644.3377664"},{"issue":"4","key":"248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2967568","volume":"7","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Kurugollu F, Adnane A, Hussain R, Hussain F (2020) Marine: Man-in-the-middle attack resistant trust model in connected vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J 7(4):3310\u20133322","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2013.000028","volume":"15","author":"YM Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen YM, Wei YC (2013) A beacon-based trust management system for enhancing user centric location privacy in vanets. J Commun Netw 15(2):153\u2013163","journal-title":"J Commun Netw"},{"key":"248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u00a0Falasi H, Mohamed N (2015) Similarity-based trust management system for detecting fake safety messages in vanets. In: International conference on internet of vehicles. Springer. p. 273\u2013284.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27293-1_24"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.519","volume":"6","author":"J Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang J, Chen C, Cohen R (2013) Trust modeling for message relay control and local action decision making in vanets. Security Commun Netw 6(1):1\u201314","journal-title":"Security Commun Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"248_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2012.2231792","volume":"8","author":"M-C Chuang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chuang M-C, Lee J-F (2013) Team: trust-extended authentication mechanism for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Syst J 8(3):749\u2013758","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"5","key":"248_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-016-0473-0","volume":"10","author":"H Hao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hao H, Rongxing L, Huang C, Zhang Z (2017) Ptrs: a privacy-preserving trust-based relay selection scheme in vanets. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 10(5):1204\u20131218","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl"},{"key":"248_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Terence JS, Purushothaman G (2019) A Novel Technique to Detect Malicious Packet Dropping Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks. J Inf Process Syst 15(1):203-216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3745\/JIPS.03.0110","DOI":"10.3745\/JIPS.03.0110"},{"key":"248_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das S, Das I, Singh RP, Johri P, Kumar A (2019) Trust-based scheme for location finding in vanets using trustworthiness of node. In: Data and communication networks. Springer. p. 43\u201355.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2254-9_5"},{"key":"248_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood A, Butler B, Zhang WE, Sheng QZ, Siddiqui SA (2019) A hybrid trust management heuristic for vanets. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) IEEE. p. 748\u2013752.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2019.8730675"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1336-6","volume":"24","author":"R Sugumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sugumar R, Rengarajan A, Jayakumar C (2018) Trust based authentication technique for cluster based vehicular ad hoc networks (vanet). Wirel Netw 24(2):373\u2013382","journal-title":"Wirel Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR25","first-page":"139","volume":"8","author":"H Hasrouny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hasrouny H, Samhat AE, Bassil C, Laouiti A (2018) Trust model for group leader selection in vanet. Int J Digital Inf Wirel Commun 8(2):139\u2013144","journal-title":"Int J Digital Inf Wirel Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2894056","volume":"68","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Liu Y (2019) Bayestrust and vehiclerank: constructing an implicit web of trust in vanet. IEEE Transac Vehic Technol 68(3):2850\u20132864","journal-title":"IEEE Transac Vehic Technol"},{"key":"248_CR27","unstructured":"Page L, Brin S, Motwani R, Winograd T (1999) The pagerank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. Technical report, Stanford InfoLab, November"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2611524","volume":"19","author":"C Cooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper C, Franklin D, Ros M, Safaei F, Abolhasan M (2016) A comparative survey of vanet clustering techniques. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 19(1):657\u2013681","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-008-0050-5","volume":"64","author":"DA Haidar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haidar DA, Cuppens-Boulahia N, Cuppens F, Debar H (2009) Xena: an access negotiation framework using xacml. Ann Telecommun 64(1\u20132):155\u2013169","journal-title":"Ann Telecommun"},{"key":"248_CR30","first-page":"14","volume":"12","author":"R Abassi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abassi R, Ben Chehida A, Guemara El Fatmi S (2016) A trust-based security environment in manet: definition and performance evaluation. Ann Telecommun 12:14","journal-title":"Ann Telecommun"},{"key":"248_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douss Aida BC, Abassi R, Youssef NB, El\u00a0Fatmi SG (2015) A formal environment for manet organization and security. In: International conference on cryptology and network security. Springer. p. 144\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26823-1_11"},{"key":"248_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-019-0165-x","volume":"9","author":"A Souri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Souri A, Rahmani AM, Navimipour NJ, Rezaei R (2019) A symbolic model checking approach in formal verification of distributed systems. Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci 9:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13673-019-0165-x","journal-title":"Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci"}],"container-title":["Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13673-020-00248-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13673-020-00248-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13673-020-00248-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T23:50:23Z","timestamp":1634428223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13673-020-00248-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13673-020-00248-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-1962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-1962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43"}}