{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:12:40Z","timestamp":1776111160984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The latest shifts in technology have brought about new kinds of users who occasionally access unfamiliar systems in new scenarios. This way of use should not request any learning curve. There have been many attempts to help this kind of users: agents, floating help, tooltips, direct video demonstrations, etc., elements that support the appealing direct manipulation style (DM), but add indeed an extra layer of supporting material over it. In this paper, we describe an analyse<jats:italic>goals<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>guided Interaction<\/jats:italic>, GGI, as the basis for a different approach. We do not expect the user to understand or use a metaphor but guide them throughout the whole interaction process. This help system is integrated in the interface. The user will be closely guided on the \u201cwhat to do\u201d and on the \u201chow to do,\u201d always according to their current goal. This no-previous-knowledge-required way of interaction shortens significantly the learning curve. In order to support this proposal, a complete study based on user testing is performed. The results show that, for non-expert occasional users, GGI is more efficient in time and less error prone than the classic Direct Manipulation. Participants also showed a strong preference for GGI. This research offers an alternative way of interaction for designers and developers of human-centric interactive systems who have occasional users as their main target users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-020-0209-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T13:02:33Z","timestamp":1580562153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Proposal and testing goals-guided interaction for occasional users"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5710-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio L.","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Falgueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"209_CR1","unstructured":"Shneiderman B, Plaisant C, Cohen M, Jacobs S, Elmqvist N, Diakopoulos N (2016) Designing the user interface: strategies for effective human-computer interaction. 6th edn. Pearson"},{"key":"209_CR2","volume-title":"Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction","author":"H Sharp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharp H, Preece J, Rogers Y (2019) Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction, 5th edn. Wiley, Indianapolis","edition":"5"},{"key":"209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1982.4308795","volume":"12","author":"JM Carroll","year":"1982","unstructured":"Carroll JM, Thomas JC (1982) Metaphor and the cognitive representation of computing systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 12:107\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMC.1982.4308795","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"issue":"8","key":"209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1983.1654471","volume":"16","author":"B Shneiderman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Shneiderman B (1983) Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages. IEEE Comput 16(8):57\u201369","journal-title":"IEEE Comput"},{"key":"209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1201\/b15703-5","volume-title":"User-centered system design","author":"EL Hutchins","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hutchins EL, Hollan JD, Norman DA (1986) Direct manipulation interfaces. In: Norman DA, Draper SW (eds) User-centered system design. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 87\u2013124"},{"key":"209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/356835.356836","volume":"13","author":"TP Moran","year":"1981","unstructured":"Moran TP (1981) An applied psychology of the user. Comput surv 13:1\u201311","journal-title":"Comput surv"},{"key":"209_CR7","volume-title":"Human factors for technical communicators","author":"M Coe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Coe M (1996) Human factors for technical communicators. Wiley, New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"209_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1145\/242224.242410","volume":"28","author":"J Stasko","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stasko J (1996) Future research directions in human-computer interaction. ACM Comput Surv 28(4):145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/242224.242410","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"2","key":"209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1145\/253671.253708","volume":"40","author":"A van Dam","year":"1997","unstructured":"van Dam A (1997) Post-WIMP user interfaces. Commun ACM 40(2):64\u201365","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1145\/1744161.1744163","volume":"17","author":"DA Norman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Norman DA (2010) Natural user interfaces are not natural interactions. Interactions 17(3):6\u201310","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"issue":"12","key":"209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1145\/1409360.1409366","volume":"51","author":"T Selker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Selker T (2008) Touching the future. Commun ACM 51(12):14\u201316","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"209_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"56","author":"B Buxton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buxton B (2007) Multi-touch systems that I have known and loved. Microsoft Res 56:1\u201311","journal-title":"Microsoft Res"},{"key":"209_CR13","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Budiu R (2012) Mobile usability. New Riders"},{"key":"209_CR14","unstructured":"Hix D, Hartson H. Developing user interfaces: ensuring usability through product and process. New York: Wiley; 1993. 471-57813-4."},{"key":"209_CR15","isbn-type":"print","volume-title":"Usability engineering","author":"J Nielsen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielsen J (1993) Usability engineering. Academic Press, San Diego. ISBN 0-12-518405-0","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/0125184050"},{"key":"209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarkson J, Coleman R (eds) (2015) Special issue: Inclusive design. Applied Ergonomics, 46, part B, pp 233\u2013324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.10.015"},{"issue":"2","key":"209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2003.12.003","volume":"16","author":"A Savidis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Savidis A, Stephanidis C (2004) Unified user interface design: designing universally accessible interactions. Interact Comput 16(2):243\u2013270","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"key":"209_CR18","unstructured":"W3C-WAI. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG21\/. Accessed 20 Dec 2018"},{"key":"209_CR19","unstructured":"Americans with disabilities (2008) act of 1990 incorporating the changes made by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008. http:\/\/www.ada.gov\/pubs\/adastatute08.pdf Accessed 01 Dec 2018"},{"key":"209_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller JP (2003) Accessibility for everybody: understanding the section\u00a0508 accessibility requirements. Apress","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4302-0774-0"},{"key":"209_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.10.011","volume":"111","author":"S Giraud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giraud S, Th\u00e9rouanne P, Steiner DD (2018) Web accessibility: filtering redundant and irrelevant information improves website usability for blind users. Int J Hum Comput Stud 111:23\u201335","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"209_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/1941487.1941504","volume":"54","author":"A Charland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Charland A, Leroux B (2011) Mobile application development. Commun ACM 54(5):49\u201353","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"209_CR23","unstructured":"Gong J, Tarasewich P (2004) Guidelines for handheld mobile device interface design. In Proceedings of DSI 2004 Annual Meeting. pp 3751\u20133756"},{"issue":"3","key":"209_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00044-5","volume":"34","author":"M Sharples","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sharples M (2000) The design of personal mobile technologies for lifelong learning. Comput Educ 34(3):177\u2013193","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420038194","volume-title":"Joint cognitive systems: foundations of cognitive systems engineering","author":"E Hollnagel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hollnagel E, Woods D (2005) Joint cognitive systems: foundations of cognitive systems engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.02.006","volume":"78","author":"H Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang H, Yang M, Yang C, Lv T (2019) User performance effects with graphical icons and training for elderly novice users: a case study on automatic teller machines. Appl Ergon 78:62\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.02.006","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"209_CR27","unstructured":"Microsoft Wizards. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/es-es\/windows\/desktop\/uxguide\/win-wizards. Accessed 28 Jan 2019"},{"key":"209_CR28","first-page":"95472","volume-title":"Designing interfaces: patterns for effective interaction design","author":"J Tidwell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tidwell J (2011) Designing interfaces: patterns for effective interaction design. O\u2019Reilly Media Inc., Gravenstein Highway North, p 95472"},{"issue":"4","key":"209_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5195\/JMLA.2018.511","volume":"106","author":"B Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams B, Berlanstein D (2018) Creating \u201cwizards\u201d on the library\u2019s website. J Med Libr Assoc 106(4):490","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"209_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-018-0162-5","volume":"9","author":"D Jo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jo D, Kim GJ (2019) IoT\u2009+\u2009AR: pervasive and augmented environments for \u201cDigi-log\u201d shopping experience. Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci 9:1","journal-title":"Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"209_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1437866","volume":"35","author":"S Bar-Or","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bar-Or S, Meyer J (2019) What is good help? responses to solicited and unsolicited assistance. Int J Hum Comput Interact 35(2):131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2018.1437866","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"209_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.05.006","volume":"131","author":"CP Janssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Janssen CP, Donker SF, Brumby DP, Kun AL (2019) History and future of human-automation interaction. Int J Hum Comput Stud 131:99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.05.006","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-019-0200-y","volume":"9","author":"A Nieto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nieto A, Rios R (2019) Cybersecurity profiles based on human-centric IoT devices. Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci 9:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13673-019-0200-y","journal-title":"Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcy014","volume":"49","author":"P Gillingham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gillingham P (2019) Developments in electronic information systems in social welfare agencies: from simple to complex. Br J Soc Work 49(1):135\u2013146","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"209_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5383\/JUSPN.09.01.001","volume":"9","author":"K Holl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holl K, Nass C, Vieira V, Villela K (2017) Safety\u2013critical mobile systems\u2013the RESCUER interaction evaluation approach. J Ubiquit Syst Pervasive Netw 9(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"J Ubiquit Syst Pervasive Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"209_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1145\/235833.236054","volume":"3","author":"BE John","year":"1996","unstructured":"John BE, Kieras DE (1996) The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques: comparison and contrast. ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact 3(4):320\u2013351","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact"},{"issue":"4","key":"209_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1145\/235833.236050","volume":"3","author":"BE John","year":"1996","unstructured":"John BE, Kieras DE (1996) Using GOMS for user interface design and analysis: which Technique? ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact 3(4):287\u2013319","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact"},{"key":"209_CR38","volume-title":"The handbook of task analysis for human-computer interaction","author":"D Diaper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diaper D, Stanton N (2004) The handbook of task analysis for human-computer interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah"},{"key":"209_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-017-0427-1","volume":"19","author":"TG Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves TG, de Oliveira KM, Kolski C (2017) The use of task modeling in interactive system specification. Cogn Tech Work 19:493\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-017-0427-1","journal-title":"Cogn Tech Work"},{"key":"209_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481862-1.50097-2","volume-title":"The handbook of human-computer interaction","author":"D Kieras","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kieras D (1997) A guide to GOMS model usability. evaluation using NGOMSL. In: Helander M, Landauer T (eds) The handbook of human-computer interaction, 2nd edn. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 733\u2013766","edition":"2"},{"key":"209_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Druryb JL, Scholtz J, Kieras D (2007) Adapting GOMS to model human-robot interaction. In: Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction (HRI \u201807). ACM, New York, 41\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1228716.1228723","DOI":"10.1145\/1228716.1228723"},{"key":"209_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819889533","author":"KM Gallagher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gallagher KM, Cameron L, De Carvalho D, Boul\u00e9 M (2019) Does using multiple computer monitors for office tasks affect user experience ? a systematic review. Hum Factors. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819889533","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"209_CR43","unstructured":"Loranger H (2016) Checklist for planning usability studies. NN\/g Nielsen Norman Group. www.nngroup.com\/articles\/usability-test-checklist\/ Accessed 25 Mar 2018"},{"key":"209_CR44","unstructured":"Nielsen J (2012) How many test users in a usability study? NN\/g Nielsen Norman Group. https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/how-many-test-users\/ Accessed 15 Mar 2018"},{"key":"209_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375092-1.00007-6","volume-title":"Usability Testing Essentials","author":"Carol M. Barnum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barnum CM (2011) Usability testing essentials: ready, Set\u2026Test! Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Burlington, USA"},{"key":"209_CR46","unstructured":"IKEA. http:\/\/www.ikea.com\/ms\/en_US\/rooms_ideas\/kitchen_howto\/NA\/plan_your_kitchen_in_3d.html http:\/\/kitchenplanner.ikea.com\/US\/UI\/Pages\/VPUI.htm Accessed 06 Oct 2016"},{"key":"209_CR47","volume-title":"International encyclopedia of statistical science","author":"D Rey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rey D, Neuh\u00e4user M (2011) Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank Test. In: Lovric M (ed) International encyclopedia of statistical science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg"},{"key":"209_CR48","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Building a recommendation system with R","author":"SK Gorakala","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorakala SK, Usuelli M (2015) Building a recommendation system with R. Packt Publishing Ldt. Birmingham, UK, pp 15\u201318"},{"key":"209_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040859","volume":"19","author":"A Bissoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bissoli A, Lavino-Junior D, Sime M, Encarna\u00e7\u00e3o L, Bastos-Filho T (2019) A human-machine interface based on eye tracking for controlling and monitoring a smart home using the internet of things. Sensors 19:859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19040859","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"209_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2019.02.015","volume":"116","author":"D Kuhner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuhner D, Fiederer LDJ, Aldinger J, Burget F, V\u00f6lker M, Schirrmeister RT, Do C, Boedecker J, Nebel B, Ball T, Burgard W (2019) A service assistant combining autonomous robotics, flexible goal formulation, and deep-learning-based brain\u2013computer interfacing. Robotics Autonomous Syst 116:98\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2019.02.015","journal-title":"Robotics Autonomous Syst"},{"key":"209_CR51","unstructured":"Zacharias J, Barz M, Sonntag D (2018) A survey on deep learning toolkits and libraries for intelligent user interfaces. arXiv: 1803.04818"}],"container-title":["Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13673-020-0209-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13673-020-0209-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13673-020-0209-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T21:06:21Z","timestamp":1665695181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13673-020-0209-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13673-020-0209-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-1962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-1962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}