{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T21:54:09Z","timestamp":1766267649617,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades","award":["RTI2018-098156-B-C52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098156-B-C52"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog?a","award":["026-2019 FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["026-2019 FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cloud Comp"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Internet of Things (IoT) has posed new requirements to the underlying processing architecture, specially for real-time applications, such as event-detection services. Complex Event Processing (CEP) engines provide a powerful tool to implement these services. Fog computing has raised as a solution to support IoT real-time applications, in contrast to the Cloud-based approach. This work is aimed at analysing a CEP-based Fog architecture for real-time IoT applications that uses a publish-subscribe protocol. A testbed has been developed with low-cost and local resources to verify the suitability of CEP-engines to low-cost computing resources. To assess performance we have analysed the effectiveness and cost of the proposal in terms of latency and resource usage, respectively. Results show that the fog computing architecture reduces event-detection latencies up to 35%, while the available computing resources are being used more efficiently, when compared to a Cloud deployment. Performance evaluation also identifies the communication between the CEP-engine and the final users as the most time consuming component of latency. Moreover, the latency analysis concludes that the time required by CEP-engine is related to the compute resources, but is nonlinear dependent of the number of things connected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-021-00245-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T13:07:12Z","timestamp":1623071232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An experimental study of fog and cloud computing in CEP-based Real-Time IoT applications"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Giovanny","family":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alonso","family":"Tenorio-Trigoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2990-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Castillo-Cara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Caminero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"245_CR1","unstructured":"Omale G (2018) Gartner Identifies Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends. https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2018-11-07-gartner-identifies-top-10-strategic-iot-technologies-and-trends. Accessed 21 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"245_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2017.25","volume":"21","author":"M Yannuzzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yannuzzi M, van Lingen F, Jain A, Parellada OL, Flores MM, Carrera D, P\u00e9rez JL, Montero D, Chacin P, Corsaro A, et al. (2017) A new era for cities with fog computing. IEEE Internet Comput 21(2):54\u201367.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"245_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2485206","volume":"6","author":"S Sarkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarkar S, Chatterjee S, Misra S (2018) Assessment of the Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput 6(1):46\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCC.2015.2485206.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cloud Comput"},{"key":"245_CR4","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking","author":"R Mahmud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahmud R, Koch FL, Buyya R (2018) Cloud-fog interoperability in IoT-enabled healthcare solutions In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking, 32.. ACM, Varanasi."},{"issue":"3","key":"245_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871706","volume":"6","author":"Z Xiong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiong Z, Feng S, Wang W, Niyato D, Wang P, Han Z (2018) Cloud\/fog computing resource management and pricing for blockchain networks. IEEE Internet Things J 6(3):4585\u20134600.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"245_CR6","unstructured":"Luan TH, Gao L, Li Z, Xiang Y, Wei G, Sun L (2015) Fog computing: Focusing on mobile users at the edge. ArXiv:1502.01815. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1502.01815."},{"key":"245_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.009","volume":"78","author":"R Roman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roman R, Lopez J, Mambo M (2018) Mobile edge computing, fog et al.: A survey and analysis of security threats and challenges. Futur Gener Comput Syst 78:680\u2013698.","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"245_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahmani AM, Liljeberg P, Preden J-S, Jantsch A (2017) Fog computing in the internet of things: Intelligence at the edge, 17\u201331.. Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-57639-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57639-8"},{"key":"245_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73676-1_14","volume-title":"Cloud Computing for Optimization: Foundations, Applications, and Challenges. Studies in Big Data, vol 39","author":"RK Barik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barik RK, Dubey H, Misra C, Borthakur D, Constant N, Sasane SA, Lenka RK, Mishra BSP, Das H, Mankodiya K (2018) Fog assisted cloud computing in era of big data and internet-of-things: systems, architectures, and applications In: Cloud Computing for Optimization: Foundations, Applications, and Challenges. Studies in Big Data, vol 39, 367\u2013394.. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-73676-1_14."},{"key":"245_CR10","unstructured":"Dignan LWhat\u2019s next for data centers? Think micro data centers. https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/whats-next-for-data-centers-think-micro-data-centers\/. Accessed 21 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"245_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-020-00181-y","volume":"9","author":"Z Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Yang W, Qi Q (2020) Dynamic resource provisioning for cyber-physical systems in cloud-fog-edge computing. J Cloud Comput 9(1):1\u201316.","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"key":"245_CR12","unstructured":"Devnet CWhat is IOx?https:\/\/developer.cisco.com\/docs\/iox\/. Accessed 21 Dec 2020."},{"key":"245_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513","volume-title":"Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing","author":"F Bonomi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bonomi F, Milito R, Zhu J, Addepalli S (2012) Fog computing and its role in the internet of things In: Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing, 13\u201316.. ACM, Helsinki."},{"key":"245_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu C, Li W, Wang L, Zomaya A (2018) Hybrid Evolutionary Scheduling for Energy-efficient Fog-enhanced Internet of Things. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput:1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCC.2018.2889482.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2018.2889482"},{"key":"245_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.05.034","volume":"85","author":"A Garcia-de-Prado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia-de-Prado A, Ortiz G, Boubeta-Puig J (2017) COLLECT: COLLaborativE ConText-aware service oriented architecture for intelligent decision-making in the Internet of Things. Expert Syst Appl 85:231\u2013248.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"245_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"M Goudarzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goudarzi M, Wu H, Palaniswami MS, Buyya R (2020) An Application Placement Technique for Concurrent IoT Applications in Edge and Fog Computing Environments. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 20(4):1\u20131.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"key":"245_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmud R, Ramamohanarao K, Buyya R (2020) Application Management in Fog Computing Environments: A Taxonomy, Review and Future Directions. ACM Comput Surv 53(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3403955.","DOI":"10.1145\/3403955"},{"key":"245_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.02.009","volume":"98","author":"A Yousefpour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yousefpour A, Fung C, Nguyen T, Kadiyala K, Jalali F, Niakanlahiji A, Kong J, Jue JP (2019) All one needs to know about fog computing and related edge computing paradigms: A complete survey. J Syst Archit 98:289\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.02.009.","journal-title":"J Syst Archit"},{"key":"245_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dolui K, Datta SK (2017) Comparison of edge computing implementations: Fog computing, cloudlet and mobile edge computing In: 2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016213.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016213"},{"key":"245_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dastjerdi AV, Gupta H, Calheiros RN, Ghosh SK, Buyya R (2016) Chapter 4 - fog computing: principles, architectures, and applications. In: Buyya R Vahid Dastjerdi A (eds)Internet of Things, 61\u201375.. Morgan Kaufmann. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-805395-9.00004-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805395-9.00004-6"},{"issue":"12","key":"245_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002","volume":"52","author":"J Yick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yick J, Mukherjee B, Ghosal D (2008) Wireless sensor network survey. Comput Netw 52(12):2292\u20132330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002.","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"key":"245_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2018.12.007","volume":"52","author":"P Bellavista","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bellavista P, Berrocal J, Corradi A, Das SK, Foschini L, Zanni A (2019) A survey on fog computing for the Internet of Things. Pervasive Mob Comput 52:71\u201399.","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob Comput"},{"issue":"8","key":"245_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4340","volume":"33","author":"M Haghi Kashani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haghi Kashani M, Rahmani AM, Jafari Navimipour N (2020) Quality of service-aware approaches in fog computing. Int J Commun Syst 33(8):4340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.4340.","journal-title":"Int J Commun Syst"},{"key":"245_CR24","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2017 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE)","author":"N Naik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naik N (2017) Choice of effective messaging protocols for IoT systems: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP and HTTP In: 2017 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), 1\u20137.. IEEE, Vienna."},{"key":"245_CR25","unstructured":"MQTT.org (2021) MQTT: The Standard for IoT Messaging. https:\/\/mqtt.org\/. Accessed 4 Mar 2021."},{"key":"245_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luckham DC (2011) Event Processing for Business: Organizing the Real-time Enterprise. Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119198697"},{"key":"245_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nasiri H, Nasehi S, Goudarzi M (2019) Evaluation of distributed stream processing frameworks for IoT applications in Smart Cities. J Big Data 6(52). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40537-019-0215-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0215-2"},{"key":"245_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhillon AS, Majumdar S, St-Hilaire M, El-Haraki A (2018) Mcep: A mobile device based complex event processing system for remote healthcare. IEEE Int Conf Internet Things: 203\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00064.","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00064"},{"key":"245_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s TM, Fraga-Lamas P, Su\u00e1rez-Albela M, D\u00edaz-Bouza MA (2018) A fog computing based cyber-physical system for the automation of pipe-related tasks in the industry 4.0 shipyard. Sensors 18(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18061961.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061961"},{"key":"245_CR30","unstructured":"Varghese B, Wang N, Nikolopoulos DS, Buyya R (2017) Feasibility of fog computing. ArXiv: 1701.05451. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1701.05451."},{"key":"245_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3406858","volume":"2018","author":"M Castillo-Cara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castillo-Cara M, Huaranga-Junco E, Quispe-Montesinos M, Orozco-Barbosa L, Ant\u00fanez EA (2018) FROG: a robust and green wireless sensor node for fog computing platforms. J Sensors 2018:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"245_CR32","first-page":"3246","volume":"5","author":"KC Okafor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okafor KC, Achumba IE, Chukwudebe GA, Ononiwu GC (2017) Leveraging fog computing for scalable IoT datacenter using spine-leaf network topology. J Electr Comput Eng 5(4):3246\u20133257.","journal-title":"J Electr Comput Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"245_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2838022","volume":"5","author":"H Shah-Mansouri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shah-Mansouri H, Wong VWS (2018) Hierarchical Fog-Cloud Computing for IoT Systems: A Computation Offloading Game. IEEE Internet Things J 5(4):3246\u20133257.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"5","key":"245_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2545559","volume":"34","author":"F Jalali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jalali F, Hinton K, Ayre R, Alpcan T, Tucker RS (2016) Fog computing may help to save energy in cloud computing. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 34(5):1728\u20131739.","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"245_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8835","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2704444","volume":"5","author":"R Morabito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morabito R (2017) Virtualization on Internet of Things edge devices with container technologies: a performance evaluation. IEEE Access 5:8835\u20138850.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"245_CR36","first-page":"1558","volume-title":"2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","author":"C Shi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shi C, Ren Z, Yang K, Chen C, Zhang H, Xiao Y, Hou X (2018) Ultra-low latency cloud-fog computing for industrial internet of things In: 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 1558\u20132612.. IEEE, Barcelona."},{"key":"245_CR37","unstructured":"perf (2019) perf: Linux profiling with performance counters. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perf_(Linux). Accessed 21 Dec 2020."},{"key":"245_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26123","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2899736","volume":"7","author":"J Lov\u00f3n-Melgarejo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lov\u00f3n-Melgarejo J, Castillo-Cara M, Huarcaya-Canal O, Orozco-Barbosa L, Garc\u00eda-Varea I (2019) Comparative Study of Supervised Learning and Metaheuristic Algorithms for the Development of Bluetooth-Based Indoor Localization Mechanisms. IEEE Access 7:26123\u201326135.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"245_CR39","unstructured":"Geerling J (2020) Power Consumption Benchmarks. https:\/\/www.pidramble.com\/wiki\/benchmarks\/power-consumption. Accessed 21 Dec 2020."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cloud Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-021-00245-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13677-021-00245-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-021-00245-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T13:17:55Z","timestamp":1623071875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13677-021-00245-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-021-00245-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-113X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2192-113X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32"}}