{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:53:44Z","timestamp":1759694024377,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004870","name":"Research Foundation of The City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cloud Comp"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a distributed cloud, unlike centralized resource management, users provide and share resources. However, this allows for the existence of free riders who do not provide resources to others, but at the same time use resources that others provide. In a distributed cloud, resource providers share resources in a P2P fashion. In this paper, we propose a 3-pronged solution KeyPIn\u2014a Key-based, Participation-based, and Incentive-based scheme to mitigate the free rider problem in a distributed cloud environment. We propose an incentive-based scheme based on game theory for providers to participate in the cloud by providing resources. This participation will be low for free riders thereby limiting their access to resources. A secure time instant key is generated based on a key management scheme that enables good users\u2019 more time to access resources as their participation is high, whereas free riders are given limited or no time as their participation is low. Simulation results show that our scheme is effective in mitigating the free rider problem in the distributed cloud.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-022-00280-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T13:02:31Z","timestamp":1645707751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["KeyPIn \u2013 mitigating the free rider problem in the distributed cloud based on Key, Participation, and Incentive"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0479-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doyel","family":"Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Khethavath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnson P.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Mangla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"280_CR1","unstructured":"Michael Armbrust, Armando Fox, Rean Griffith, Anthony Joseph, Randy Katz, Andrew Konwinski, Gunho Lee, David Patterson, Ariel Rabkin, Ion Stoica and Matei Zaharia, \u201cAbove the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing\u201d, Technical report EECS-2009\u201328, UC Berkeley, 2009"},{"key":"280_CR2","unstructured":"Peter Mell and Timothy Grance, \u201cNIST definition of cloud computing, National Institute of Standards and Technology\u201d, Special Publication 800\u2013145, 2011, \u201chttp:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/nistpubs\/800-145\/SP800-145.pdf\u201d, Retreived July 22, 2014"},{"key":"280_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buyya, R. and Chee Shin Yeo and Venugopal, S., \u201cMarket-Oriented Cloud Computing: Vision, Hype, and Reality for Delivering IT Services as Computing Utilities\u201d, Proccedings 10th IEEE International Conference on. High Performance Computing and Communications, HPCC\u201908. IEEE, 2008.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.2008.172"},{"key":"280_CR4","unstructured":"Amazon EC2, \u201chttp:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ec2\/\u201d, Retrieved July 22, 2016"},{"key":"280_CR5","unstructured":"Cisco, \u201chttp:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/service-provider\/global-cloud-index-gci\/Cloud_Index_White_Paper.html\u201d"},{"key":"280_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198981","volume":"331","author":"A Fox","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fox A (2011) Cloud computing-what\u2019s in it for me as a scientist. Science 331:406\u2013407","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"280_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Praveen Khethavath, Johnson P Thomas, and Eric Chan-Tin, \u201cTowards an efficient Distributed cloud computing architecture\u201d, Peer-to-peer Networking and Applications (Springer), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-016-0468-x, 2016","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-016-0468-x"},{"key":"280_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, Daniel, Geoff Coulson, and James Walkerdine. \"Free riding on Gnutella revisited: the bell tolls?\" IEEE distributed systems online 6.6 (2005).","DOI":"10.1109\/MDSO.2005.31"},{"key":"280_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaswamy, Lakshmish, and Ling Liu. \"Free riding: A new challenge to peer-to-peer file sharing systems.\" System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2003.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2003.1174583"},{"key":"280_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan, Ramayya, et al. \"The impact of free-riding on peer-to-peer networks.\" System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2004.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2004.1265472"},{"issue":"2","key":"280_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2009.33","volume":"13","author":"M Karakaya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karakaya M, Korpeoglu I, Ulusoy \u00d6 (2009) Free riding in peer-to-peer networks. IEEE Internet Comput 13(2):92\u201398","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"280_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2011.01.007","volume":"71","author":"X Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li X, Zhou F, Yang X (2011) A multi-dimensional trust evaluation model for large-scale P2P computing. 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