{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:03:14Z","timestamp":1774591394316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006450","name":"University of G\u00e4vle","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006450","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cloud Comp"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quality assurance of higher education in China is an issue of vital international interest. To improve the international reputation of the nation\u2019s universities, steps must be taken to ensure a sustained focus on the quality assurance within its ranks. This paper is primarily focused on the quality assurance models operational in Chinese universities, the Big data challenges and the legal framework backing them. The paper also discusses the implementation of the models, the extent to which they meet international standards, and how they adhere to prevailing laws. The degree of success in attaining and maintaining quality and evaluation of quality improvement opportunities are also discussed. Some of the solutions recommended in this study are the participation of more teachers and students in quality management, more emphasis of Higher Education Institution (HEI) quality assurance on self-regulation and a learning-oriented approach and conducting sessions to collect anonymous feedback from students to reward staff with best practices. Some of the Quality Assurance practices\/models adopted in Chinese Universities are the Ministry of Education (MOE) reviews; the Academic Degree Committee oversight; Higher Education Evaluation Center (HEEC) overview, University self-evaluation according to HEEC Indicators, and the Webometric Ranking Model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-022-00321-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T05:02:34Z","timestamp":1664427754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Quality assurance awareness in higher education in China: big data challenges"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jincheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Hai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shixue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marvellous","family":"Iwendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cresantus","family":"Biamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noble","family":"Anumbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"321_CR1","volume-title":"Senegal: pilot female literacy project. Staff appraisal report. No. 15517-SE","author":"World Bank\/UNICEF","year":"1996","unstructured":"World Bank\/UNICEF (1996) Senegal: pilot female literacy project. Staff appraisal report. No. 15517-SE. World Bank, Washington DC"},{"key":"321_CR2","unstructured":"Gender Budgeting Initiative (2003)\u00a0Conference and Communiqu\u00e9. Abuja\u00a029-30 October"},{"issue":"22","key":"321_CR3","first-page":"525","volume":"5","author":"R Karaim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karaim R (2011) Expanding higher education. CQ Glob Res 5(22):525\u2013572 http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/","journal-title":"CQ Glob Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"321_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-012-9536-1","volume":"64","author":"A Hou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hou A (2012) Mutual recognition of quality assurance decisions on higher education institutions in three regions: a lesson for Asia. High Educ 64(6):911\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-012-9536-1","journal-title":"High Educ"},{"key":"321_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryan T (2015) Quality assurance in higher education: a review of literature. High Learn Res Commun 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18870\/hlrc.v5i4.257","DOI":"10.18870\/hlrc.v5i4.257"},{"key":"321_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.9790\/1813-0606021421","volume":"06","author":"J Murumba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murumba J, Micheni E (2017) Big data analytics in higher education: a review. Int J Eng Sci 06:14\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9790\/1813-0606021421","journal-title":"Int J Eng Sci"},{"key":"321_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel B (2015) Big data and analytics in higher education: opportunities and challenges. Br J Educ Technol 46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12230","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12230"},{"key":"321_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-020-00223-0","volume":"17","author":"MI Baig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baig MI, Shuib L, Yadegaridehkordi E (2020) Big data in education: a state of the art, limitations, and future research directions. Int J Educ Technol High Educ 17:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-020-00223-0","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol High Educ"},{"key":"321_CR9","volume-title":"Quality","author":"Oxford Dictionary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oxford Dictionary (2020) Quality. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.oxforddictionaries.com\/definition\/quality"},{"key":"321_CR10","volume-title":"Total quality management","author":"American Society for Quality (ASQ)","year":"2021","unstructured":"American Society for Quality (ASQ) (2021) Total quality management. Retrieved from https:\/\/asq.org\/quality-resources\/total-quality-management"},{"key":"321_CR11","volume-title":"Statistical process control","author":"American Society for Quality (ASQ)","year":"2021","unstructured":"American Society for Quality (ASQ) (2021) Statistical process control. Retrieved from https:\/\/asq.org\/quality-resources\/statistical-process-control"},{"key":"321_CR12","volume-title":"Software categories","author":"Captera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Captera (2021) Software categories. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.capterra.com\/categories"},{"key":"321_CR13","volume-title":"Higher education","author":"Collins Dictionary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Collins Dictionary (2021) Higher education. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/dictionary\/english\/higher-education"},{"key":"321_CR14","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Universities in Arab countries: an urgent need for change","author":"JR Hillman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hillman JR, Baydoun E (2018) The future of universities in the Arab region: a review. In: Badran A, Baydoun E, Hillman JR (eds) Universities in Arab countries: an urgent need for change. Springer International Publishers, Cham, pp 1\u201353"},{"key":"321_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/30154","volume-title":"Returns to investment in education: a decennial review of the global literature","author":"G Psacharopoulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Psacharopoulos G, Patrinos HA (2018) Returns to investment in education: a decennial review of the global literature. Retrieved from http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/442521523465644318\/pdf\/WPS8402.pdf"},{"key":"321_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198767268.001.0001","volume-title":"A university education","author":"D Willetts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Willetts D (2017) A university education. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"321_CR17","unstructured":"The Economist (2018) All must have degrees: higher learning and the middle classes (Special report: October 3rd 1997). The Economist. https:\/\/www.economist.com\/special-report\/1997\/10\/02\/all-must-have-degrees"},{"key":"321_CR18","volume-title":"Assessment and teaching of twenty-first century skills (ATC21S)","author":"Partnership for the Twenty-First Century Skills","year":"2021","unstructured":"Partnership for the Twenty-First Century Skills (2021) Assessment and teaching of twenty-first century skills (ATC21S). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.p21.org"},{"key":"321_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60246-2_1","volume-title":"Reforms and innovation in education (Science, technology and innovation studies)","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sidorkin AM, Warford MK (eds) (2017) Reforms and innovation in education (Science, technology and innovation studies). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-60246-2_1"},{"key":"321_CR20","series-title":"Asian Development Bank Briefs No. 20","volume-title":"A safe space for humanity: the nexus of food, water, and climate","author":"P Rogers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rogers P, Daines S (2014) A safe space for humanity: the nexus of food, water, and climate (Asian Development Bank Briefs No. 20). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/41595\/safe-space-humanity-adb-brief-020.pdf"},{"key":"321_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9553-1_144-1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institutions","author":"RM Bassett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bassett RM (2018) International organizations, higher education. In: Teixeira P, Shin J (eds) Encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institutions. Springer, Dordrecht. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-9553-1_144-1"},{"key":"321_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao Y, Li X (2014) Quality and quality assurance in Chinese private higher education: a multi-dimensional analysis and a proposed framework. Qual Assur Educ 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/QAE-09-2011-0061","DOI":"10.1108\/QAE-09-2011-0061"},{"key":"321_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y (2010) Quality assurance in Chinese higher education. Res Comp Int Educ 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2304\/rcie.2010.5.1.58","DOI":"10.2304\/rcie.2010.5.1.58"},{"issue":"1","key":"321_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.her.20200501.11","volume":"5","author":"J Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma J (2020) Research on higher education quality assurance in China during the popularization. High Educ Res 5(1):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.her.20200501.11","journal-title":"High Educ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"321_CR25","first-page":"81","volume":"11","author":"Z Ayta\u1e09","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayta\u1e09 Z, Bilge H\u1e62 (2020) Big data analytics in higher education: a systematic review. J Internet Appl Manag 11(2):81\u201399","journal-title":"J Internet Appl Manag"},{"key":"321_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raffaghelli JE, Grion V, De Rossi M (2021) Data practices in quality evaluation and assessment: two universities at a glance. High Educ Q. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hequ.12361","DOI":"10.1111\/hequ.12361"},{"key":"321_CR27","volume-title":"Webometrics ranking of universities","author":"Webometrics","year":"2011","unstructured":"Webometrics (2011) Webometrics ranking of universities. http:\/\/www.webometrics.info\/en\/About_Us"},{"key":"321_CR28","unstructured":"Advance HE (2021) Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ecu.ac.uk\/advance-he-faqs\/"},{"key":"321_CR29","volume-title":"Higher education and research bill","author":"Department for Education","year":"2021","unstructured":"Department for Education (2021) Higher education and research bill. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/higher-education-and-research-bill#business-cases"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cloud Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-022-00321-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13677-022-00321-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-022-00321-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T05:12:32Z","timestamp":1664428352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13677-022-00321-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-022-00321-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-113X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-113X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research has consent for Ethical Approval and Consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent has been granted by all authors and there is no conflict.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"There are no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"56"}}