{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:29:02Z","timestamp":1772166542711,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cloud Comp"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multi-source data fusion techniques are widely applied in dynamic target detection scenarios, such as target situational awareness, radar signal resolution, and feature fusion labeling. Currently, techniques including clustering, neural networks, Bayesian analysis, and machine learning have been applied to improve the success rate of multi-source data fusion in terms of interference data noise reduction. The research on data tampering prevention of multiple data sources is mainly based on the data distributed authentication technology. The research on performing data fusion process in a trusted execution environment is mainly based on cryptography and codec technology. This paper focuses on the technical application architecture that can effectively improve the comprehensive efficiency of multi-source data fusion processing under the constraints of business scenarios. Accordingly, this paper proposes a trusted execution environment architecture based on blockchain technology for multi-source data fusion scenarios. It integrates the strategy of trusted data source data verification in blockchain smart contracts into the typical multi-source data fusion application architecture. After comparison tests in a simulation environment, the trusted execution environment architecture based on blockchain technology has shown considerable improvements in fusion success rate with limited performance cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-023-00494-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T10:02:41Z","timestamp":1692439361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Blockchain based trusted execution environment architecture analysis for multi - source data fusion scenario"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingzhou","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xunyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanke","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.10.006","volume":"72","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen L (2017) Multi-view fuzzy clustering with minimax optimization for effective clustering of data from multiple sources. Expert Syst Appl 72:457\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.10.006","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"494_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen Cs, Hu Hr, Fang Ll, Xiang Yx (2020) Research on equipment situation display based on multi-source data fusion. In: 2020 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Intelligent Control (ICCEIC), pp 207\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCEIC51584.2020.00048","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEIC51584.2020.00048"},{"key":"494_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"2022","author":"D Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li D, Zhang J, Xu R, Meng J, Wang J, Chen X et al (2022) A multisource data fusion modeling prediction method for operation environment of high-speed train. Discret Dyn Nat Soc 2022:1\u20139","journal-title":"Discret Dyn Nat Soc"},{"key":"494_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12106","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01863","volume":"55","author":"G Geng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geng G, Xiao Q, Liu S, Liu X, Cheng J, Zheng Y et al (2021) Tracking air pollution in China: near real-time pm2.5 retrievals from multisource data fusion. Environ Sci Technol 55:12106\u201312115","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"494_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900310","volume":"27","author":"Y Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu Y, Yu FR, Li C, Luan TH, Zhang Y (2020) Vehicular blockchain-based collective learning for connected and autonomous vehicles. IEEE Wirel Commun 27(2):197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MNET.001.1900310","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun"},{"key":"494_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He B, Su H, Huang J (2021) Joint beamforming and power allocation between a multistatic mimo radar network and multiple targets using game theoretic analysis. Digit Signal Process 115(5):103085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2021.103085"},{"key":"494_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang G, Tian G, Cai D, Bai R, Tong J (2021) Merging radar and rain gauge data by using spatial-temporal local weighted linear regression kriging for quantitative precipitation estimation.\u00a0J Hydrol 601(1):126612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126612"},{"issue":"17","key":"494_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2714999","volume":"65","author":"P Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen P, Zheng L, Wang X, Li H, Wu L (2017) Moving target detection using colocated mimo radar on multiple distributed moving platforms. IEEE Trans Signal Process 65(17):4670\u20134683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2017.2714999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1137\/19M130409X","volume":"43","author":"J Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia J, Zhao Q, Xu Z, Meng D, Leung Y (2021) Variational bayes\u2019 method for functions with applications to some inverse problems. SIAM J Sci Comput 43(1):355\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/19M130409X","journal-title":"SIAM J Sci Comput"},{"key":"494_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Q, Zhang H (2022) Reliability evaluation of weighted voting system based on d-s evidence theory. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 217:108079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.108079"},{"key":"494_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou K, Tang J (2021) Efficient characterization of dynamic response variation using multi-fidelity data fusion through composite neural network - ScienceDirect. Eng Struct 232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.111878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.111878"},{"key":"494_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5617903","volume":"9","author":"MK Hasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasan MK, Alkhalifah A, Islam S, Babiker NBM (2022) Hossain MA (2022) Blockchain technology on smart grid, energy trading, and big data: Security issues, challenges, and recommendations. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 9:1\u201326","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"key":"494_CR13","unstructured":"Li C, Fu Y, Yu FR, Luan TH, Zhang Y (2020) Vehicle position correction: A vehicular blockchain networks-based gps error sharing framework. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst PP(99):1\u201315"},{"key":"494_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gourisetti SNG, Sebastian-Cardenas DJ, Bhattarai B, Wang P, Widergren S, Borkum M, Randall A (2021) Blockchain smart contract reference framework and program logic architecture for transactive energy systems. Appl Energy 304:117860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117860"},{"key":"494_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du J, Chen H, Yan G, Niu Z, Shi Z, Hu Y (2022) Research on the application of blockchain technology in the weapon and equipment testing. In: 2022 International Conference on Computer Network, Electronic and Automation (ICCNEA), pp 234\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCNEA57056.2022.00059","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNEA57056.2022.00059"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3199735","volume":"10","author":"SJ Hsiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsiao SJ, Sung WT (2023) Enhancing cybersecurity using blockchain technology based on IoT data fusion. IEEE Internet Things J 10(1):486\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3199735","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"4","key":"494_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.1900374","volume":"34","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J, Wen J, Jiang B, Wang H (2020) Blockchain-based sharing and tamper-proof framework of big data networking. IEEE Netw 34(4):62\u201367","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"key":"494_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar A, Fischer C, Tople S, Saxena P (2017) A traceability analysis of monero\u2019s blockchain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_9"},{"key":"494_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li J, Zhao S, Yu F (2020) Hybridchain: A novel architecture for confidentiality-preserving and performant permissioned blockchain using trusted execution environment. IEEE Access 8:190652\u2013190662","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031889"},{"key":"494_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Distler T (2021) Byzantine fault-tolerant state-machine replication from a systems perspective. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)","DOI":"10.1145\/3436728"},{"issue":"112","key":"494_CR21","first-page":"234","volume":"253","author":"CA Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva CA, Duncanson L, Hancock S, Neuenschwander A, Dubayah R (2021) Fusing simulated gedi, icesat-2 and nisar data for regional aboveground biomass mapping. Remote Sens Environ 253(112):234","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"494_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillem R, Garc\u00eda S, Madrigal J, Barrera D, Gasulla I (2018) Few-mode fiber true time delay lines for distributed radiofrequency signal processing. Opt Express 26(20):25761","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.025761"},{"issue":"12","key":"494_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12374","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3116110","volume":"70","author":"L Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du L, Sun Q, Bai J, Wang J (2021) A verification method for traffic radar-based speed meter with target position determination in road vehicle speeding enforcement. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(12):12374\u201312388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2021.3116110","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"494_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Licklederer T, Hamacher T, Peri VS (2021) Thermohydraulic model of smart thermal grids with bidirectional power flow between prosumers. Energy 230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120825"},{"key":"494_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu Y, Li C, Yu FR, Luan TH, Zhang Y (2020) An autonomous lane-changing system with knowledge accumulation and transfer assisted by vehicular blockchain. IEEE Internet Things J PP(99):1","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2994975"},{"key":"494_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong Y, Yu J, Tu Y, Pan L, Mou J (2021) Research on data driven adaptive berthing method and technology. Ocean Eng 222(24):108620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.108620"},{"key":"494_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan L, Liao G, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhu S (2020) Mainlobe deceptive jammer suppression using element-pulse coding with mimo radar. Signal Process 182(May (5)):107955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2020.107955"},{"key":"494_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Gao Z, Huang L, Du X, Guizani M (2018) Energy-aware interference management for ultra-dense multi-tier hetnets: Architecture and technologies. Comput Commun 127(sep.):30\u201335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2018.05.012"},{"issue":"11","key":"494_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10111240","volume":"10","author":"H An","year":"2021","unstructured":"An H, Na Y, Lee H, Perrig A (2021) Resilience evaluation of multi-path routing against network attacks and failures. Electronics 10(11):1240","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"494_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu J, Moorthy SK, Harindranath A, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Mastronarde N, Bentley ES, Pudlewski S, Guan Z (2023) A mobility-resilient spectrum sharing framework for operating wireless uavs in the 6 ghz band. IEEE\/ACM Trans Networking 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNET.2023.3274354","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2023.3274354"},{"issue":"8","key":"494_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2020.3029325","volume":"66","author":"J Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo J, Wang X, Xue W, Zhao Y (2021) System identification with binary-valued observations under data tampering attacks. IEEE Trans Autom Control 66(8):3825\u20133832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAC.2020.3029325","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"494_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu W, Wang H (2021) Analysis of trigonometric chaotic sequence by proposing an index-based bit level scrambling image encryption. Mod Phys Lett B. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0217984921504066","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984921504066"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cloud Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00494-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00494-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00494-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T17:10:33Z","timestamp":1700241033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00494-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00494-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2761556\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2192-113X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-113X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"122"}}