{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T02:28:56Z","timestamp":1775183336212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(No. 62202316)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No. 62202316)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Characteristic Innovation Projects in Guangdong Provincial Universities","award":["(No. 2022KTSCX308)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No. 2022KTSCX308)"]}]},{"name":"Supporting Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["(No. 6022310037K)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No. 6022310037K)"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Startup Fund for Shenzhen High-Caliber Personnel of Shenzhen Polytechnic","award":["(No.6021310026K)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No.6021310026K)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cloud Comp"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As digital transformation progresses across industries, digital twins have emerged as an important technology. In healthcare, digital twins are created by digitizing patient parameters, medical records, and treatment plans to enable personalized care, assist diagnosis, and improve planning. Data is core to digital twins, originating from physical and virtual entities as well as services. Once processed and integrated, data drives various components. Medical records are critical healthcare data but present unique challenges for digital twins. However, directly storing or encrypting medical records has issues. Plaintext risks privacy leaks while encryption hinders retrieval. To address this, we present a cloud-based solution combining post-quantum searchable encryption. Our system includes key generation using Physical Unable Functions (PUF). It encrypts medical records in cloud storage, verifies records using blockchain, and retrieves records via cloud. By integrating cloud encryption, blockchain verification and cloud retrieval, we propose a secure and efficient cloud-based medical records system for digital twins. Our implementation demonstrates the system provides users efficient and secure medical record services, compared to related designs. This highlights digital twins\u2019 potential to transform healthcare through secure data-driven personalized care, diagnosis and planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-023-00523-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T14:01:36Z","timestamp":1698674496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Improving cloud storage and privacy security for digital twin based medical records"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haibo","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"523_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihai S, et al (2020) Digital Twins: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Challenges, Trends and Future Prospects. In: IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol 24, no. 4. IEEE, US, p 2255-2291","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3208773"},{"key":"523_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang B, Zhang M, Dong T, Lu M, Li H (2023) Design of Digital Twin System for DC Contactor Condition Monitoring. In: IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol 59, no. 4. IEEE, US, p 3904-3909","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2023.3256978"},{"key":"523_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu X, Lian W, Zhou M, Song H, Dong H (2023) A Digital Twin-Based Fault Diagnosis Framework for Bogies of High-Speed Trains. In: IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, vol 7. IEEE, US, p 203-207","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2022.3216331"},{"key":"523_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao H, Wang Y (2023) Smart Curb Digital Twin: Inventorying Curb Environments Using Computer Vision and Street Imagery. In: IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, vol 7. IEEE, US, p 168-172","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2022.3225733"},{"issue":"10125","key":"523_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30538-5","volume":"391","author":"A Telenti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Telenti A, Steinhubl SR, Topol EJ (2018) Rethinking the medical record. Lancet 391(10125):1013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"523_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24389-w","volume":"8","author":"Z Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Z, Huang Y, Jiang Y et al (2018) Clinical Assistant Diagnosis for Electronic Medical Record Based on Convolutional Neural Network. Sci Rep 8(1):6329","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"523_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.06.035","volume":"37","author":"RC Hechter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hechter RC, Lei Q, Yi L et al (2018) Impact of an electronic medical record reminder on hepatitis B vaccine initiation and completion rates among insured adults with diabetes mellitus. Vaccine 37:195\u2013201","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"4","key":"523_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4286-5","volume":"33","author":"MK Delgado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Delgado MK, Shofer FS, Patel MS et al (2018) Association between Electronic Medical Record Implementation of Default Opioid Prescription Quantities and Prescribing Behavior in Two Emergency Departments. J Gen Intern Med 33(4):1\u20133","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"523_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2824-9","volume":"18","author":"C Kershaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kershaw C, Taylor JL, Horowitz G et al (2018) Use of an electronic medical record reminder improves HIV screening. BMC Health Serv Res 18(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"523_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.02.696","volume":"87","author":"K Vandeloo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vandeloo K, Mcquaid R, Burhunduli P et al (2020) Determinants of Suicide Risk Preceding Psychiatric Admission: A Retrospective Electronic Medical Record Study. Biol Psychiatry 87(9):S269\u2013S270","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"523_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.09.016","volume":"163","author":"Y-C Tsao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsao Y-C, Thanh V-V (2021) Toward blockchain-based renewable energy microgrid design considering default risk and demand uncertainty. Renew Energy 163:870\u2013881","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"523_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2959383","volume":"69","author":"B Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen B, Wu L, Wang H et al (2020) A Blockchain-Based Searchable Public-Key Encryption With Forward and Backward Privacy for Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Social Networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(6):5813\u20135825","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"523_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidorov M, Khor JH, Nhut PV, et al (2020) Public Blockchain-enabled Wireless LoRa Sensor Node for Easy Continuous Unattended Health Monitoring of Bolted Joints: Implementation and Evaluation. IEEE Sensors J PP(99):1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3001870"},{"issue":"2","key":"523_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900253","volume":"34","author":"B Hamdaoui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamdaoui B, Alkalbani M, Znati T et al (2020) Unleashing the Power of Participatory IoT with Blockchains for Increased Safety and Situation Awareness of Smart Cities. IEEE Netw 34(2):202\u2013209","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"key":"523_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta R, Kumari A, Tanwar S, et al (2020) Blockchain-envisioned Softwarized Multi-Swarming UAVs to Tackle COVID-19 Situations. IEEE Netw PP(99):160\u2013167","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000439"},{"key":"523_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezan G, Leung CS (2020) An Analysis of Proof-of-Work based Blockchains under An Adaptive Double-spend Attack. IEEE Trans Ind Inform PP(99):1","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2977689"},{"key":"523_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musigmann B, Gracht HVD, Hartmann E (2020) Blockchain Technology in Logistics and Supply Chain Managemen, A Bibliometric Literature Review From 2016 to January 2020. IEEE Trans Eng Manag PP(99):1-20","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.2980733"},{"key":"523_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen R, Tu IP, Chuang KE, et al (2020) Endex: Degree of Mining Power Decentralization for Proof-of-Work Based Blockchain Systems. IEEE Netw PP(99):1-6","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000178"},{"key":"523_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider S, Leyer M, Tate M (2020) The Transformational Impact of Blockchain Technology on Business Models and Ecosystems: A Symbiosis of Human and Technology Agents. IEEE Trans Eng Manag PP(99):1-12","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.2972037"},{"issue":"2","key":"523_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2020.2977589","volume":"22","author":"P Fraga-Lamas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraga-Lamas P, Fernandez-Carames TM (2020) Fake news, disinformation, and Deepfakes: leveraging distributed ledger technologies and blockchain to combat digital deception and counterfeit reality. IT Prof 22(2):53\u201359","journal-title":"IT Prof"},{"key":"523_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz Rodrigo M, Rivera D, Moreno JI, \u00c0lvarez-Campana M, L\u00f3pez DR (2023) Digital Twins for 5G Networks: A Modeling and Deployment Methodology. In: IEEE Access, vol 11. IEEE, US, p 38112-38126","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3267548"},{"key":"523_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai Y, Zhang Y (2022) Adaptive Digital Twin for Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks. In: Journal of Communications and Information Networks, vol 7, no. 1. IEEE, US, p 48-59","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2022.9745481"},{"key":"523_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang B, Zhang C, Zhang M, Liu C, Xie Z, Zhang H (2022) Digital Twin Analysis for Driving Risks Based on Virtual Physical Simulation Technology. In: IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, vol 6. IEEE, US, p 938-942","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2022.3203694"},{"key":"523_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azfar T, Weidner J, Raheem A, Ke R, Cheu RL (2022) Efficient Procedure of Building University Campus Models for Digital Twin Simulation. In: IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, vol 6. IEEE, US, p 769-773","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2022.3212957"},{"key":"523_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang Q, Wu B, Chen W, Yue J (2023) A Digital Twin-Assisted Collaborative Capability Optimization Model for Smart Manufacturing System Based on Elman-IVIF-TOPSIS. In: IEEE Access, vol 11. IEEE, US, p 40540-40564","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3269577"},{"issue":"3","key":"523_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MPUL.2018.2814878","volume":"9","author":"L Mertz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mertz L (2018) Hospital CIO Explains Blockchain Potential: An Interview with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\u2019s John Halamka. IEEE Pulse 9(3):8\u20139","journal-title":"IEEE Pulse"},{"key":"523_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lijing Z, Licheng W, Yiru S (2018) MIStore: a Blockchain-Based Medical Insurance Storage System. J Med Syst 42(8):149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0996-4"},{"key":"523_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian H, He J, Ding Y (2019) Medical Data Management on Blockchain with Privacy. J Med Syst 43(2):1-10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-1144-x"},{"key":"523_CR29","unstructured":"Lee TF, Li HZ, Hsieh YP (2020) A blockchain-based medical data preservation scheme for telecare medical information systems. Int J Inf Secur 2020:1-13"},{"issue":"5","key":"523_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800503","volume":"33","author":"M Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen M, Deng Y, Zhu L et al (2019) Privacy-Preserving Image Retrieval for Medical IoT Systems: A Blockchain-Based Approach. IEEE Netw 33(5):27\u201333","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"523_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1468-1","volume":"44","author":"X Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng X, Chen F, Xie D et al (2020) Design of a Secure Medical Data Sharing Scheme Based on Blockchain. J Med Syst 44(2):52","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"523_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0966-x","volume":"42","author":"A Firdaus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firdaus A, Anuar NB, Razak MFA et al (2018) Root Exploit Detection and Features Optimization: Mobile Device and Blockchain Based Medical Data Management. J Med Syst 42(6):112","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"523_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo YS, Yang CY, Chien HF, et al (2019) Blockchain-Enabled iWellChain Framework Integration With the National Medical Referral System: Development and Usability Study. J Med Internet Res 21(12):1-12","DOI":"10.2196\/13563"},{"key":"523_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.102010","volume":"99","author":"H Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang H, Zhu P, Xiao F et al (2020) A Blockchain-based Scheme for Privacy-Preserving and Secure Sharing of Medical Data. Comput Secur 99:102010","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"key":"523_CR35","unstructured":"Cheol CM, Ming-Yen H (2023) Boudier-Reveret Mathieu. Blockchain Technology: Efficiently Managing Medical Information in the Pain Management Field. Pain Med 1(7):7"},{"issue":"4","key":"523_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7224730","volume":"22","author":"H Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li H, Liu D, Dai Y et al (2015) Engineering searchable encryption of mobile cloud networks: when QoE meets QoP. IEEE Wirel Commun 22(4):74\u201380","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"523_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2389959","volume":"65","author":"B Cui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cui B, Liu Z, Wang L (2016) Key-Aggregate Searchable Encryption (KASE) for Group Data Sharing via Cloud Storage. IEEE Trans Comput 65(8):1","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"523_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"G Sen Poh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sen Poh G, Chin JJ, Yau WC et al (2017) Searchable Symmetric Encryption: Designs and Challenges. ACM Comput Surv 50(3):1\u201337","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"12","key":"523_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0609-z","volume":"40","author":"Y Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu Y, Lu X, Su J et al (2016) An Efficient Searchable Encryption Against Keyword Guessing Attacks for Sharable Electronic Medical Records in Cloud-based System. J Med Syst 40(12):258","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"99","key":"523_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2703922","volume":"14","author":"M Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma M, He D, Kumar N et al (2018) Certificateless Searchable Public Key Encryption Scheme for Industrial Internet of Things. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 14(99):759\u2013767","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"523_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou R, Zhang X, Du X, et al (2018) File-Centric Multi-Key Aggregate Keyword Searchable Encryption for Industrial Internet of Things. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 2018:1","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2794442"},{"key":"523_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu Y, Li J, Wang F (2020) Pairing-Free Certificate-Based Searchable Encryption Supporting Privacy-Preserving Keyword Search Function for IIoTs. IEEE Trans Ind Inform PP(99):1","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3006474"},{"key":"523_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H (2019) Jing T (2019) A Lightweight Fine-Grained Searchable Encryption Scheme in Fog-Based Healthcare IoT Networks. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 7:1\u201315","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"key":"523_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamani M, Safkhani M, Daneshpour N, et al (2020) A New Searchable Encryption Scheme with Integrity Preservation Property. Wirel Pers Commun 2020:1-24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07839-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"523_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1800192","volume":"20","author":"M Padhya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Padhya M, Jinwala DC (2019) MULKASE: a novel approach for key-aggregate searchable encryption for multi-owner data. Front Inf Technol Electron Eng 20(12):1717\u20131748","journal-title":"Front Inf Technol Electron Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"523_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.06.013","volume":"17","author":"L Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao L, Kang Y, Wu Q et al (2020) Searchable encryption cloud storage with dynamic data update to support efficient policy hiding. China Commun 17(6):153\u2013163","journal-title":"China Commun"},{"key":"523_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2018.10.015","volume":"73","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H, Tian H, Zhang F et al (2019) Blockchain-based searchable symmetric encryption scheme. Comput Electr Eng 73:32\u201345","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"key":"523_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayad I, Hai J, Yassin AA, et al (2014) Towards Efficient Yet Privacy-Preserving Approximate Search in Cloud Computing. Comput J 57(2):241-254","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxt045"},{"key":"523_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao Y, Ma J, Liu X, et al (2018) Lightweight Fine-Grained Search over Encrypted Data in Fog Computing. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 2018:1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2017.2757467"},{"issue":"1","key":"523_CR50","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"M Zarezadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zarezadeh M, Mala H, Ashouri-Talouki M (2019) Multi-keyword ranked searchable encryption scheme with access control for cloud storage. Peer Peer Netw Appl 13(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"Peer Peer Netw Appl"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cloud Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00523-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00523-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00523-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T14:04:46Z","timestamp":1698674686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00523-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-023-00523-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-113X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-113X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"151"}}