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The faces in the database are first cropped using a \u2018Chehra\u2019 face detector, which performs well even in wildly uncontrolled environments with a wide range of lighting and position fluctuations. The suggested technique extracts the beneficial and distinct patterns from facial expressions using novel Statistical Frei-Chen Mask (SFCM)-based features and DenseNet-based features. As it offers quick as well as accurate pain identification and pain intensity estimation, the Radial Basis Function Based Extreme Learning Machine (RBF-ELM) is employed for pain recognition and pain intensity level estimation using the characteristics. All the data is kept, updated and protected in the cloud because availability and high-performance decision-making are so important for informing physicians and auxiliary IoT nodes (such as wearable sensors). In addition, cloud computing reduces the time complexity of the training phase of Machine Learning algorithms in situations where it is possible to build a complete cloud\/edge architecture by allocating additional computational resources and memory in use. The facial expression images from the UNBC-McMaster Shoulder Pain Expression Archive and 2D face dataset are used to test the proposed method. The measurement of pain intensity uses four stages. When compared to the results from the literature, the proposed work attains enhanced performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-024-00706-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T12:01:32Z","timestamp":1727092892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pain assessment from facial expression images utilizing Statistical Frei-Chen Mask (SFCM)-based features and DenseNet"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sherly","family":"Alphonse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Abinaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishant","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"706_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-022-00388-1","volume":"12","author":"S Hamzehei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamzehei S, Akbarzadeh O, Attar H, Rezaee K, Fasihihour N, Khosravi MR (2023) Predicting the total Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) based on ML techniques and cloud-based update. 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