{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:01:23Z","timestamp":1783972883837,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cloud Comp"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-025-00826-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T09:45:34Z","timestamp":1767001534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A retrieval-augmented LLM framework for severity prediction of bug reports in cloud-based mobile applications"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Asif","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izhar Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanqing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alsuhaibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moran K (2015) Enhancing android application bug reporting. In Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering. ESEC\/FSE 2015, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1045\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2786805.2807557","DOI":"10.1145\/2786805.2807557"},{"key":"826_CR2","unstructured":"Atlassian: JIRA Issue Tracker"},{"key":"826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xia X, Lo D, Wang X, Zhou B (2013) Accurate developer recommendation for bug resolution. In 2013 20th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE), pp 72\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WCRE.2013.6671282","DOI":"10.1109\/WCRE.2013.6671282"},{"key":"826_CR4","unstructured":"Mozilla: Bugzilla Issue Tracker"},{"key":"826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46846","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909746","volume":"7","author":"WY Ramay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramay WY, Umer Q, Yin XC, Zhu C, Illahi I (2019) Deep neural network-based severity prediction of bug reports. IEEE Access 7:46846\u201346857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909746","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma M, Kumari M, Singh RK, Singh VB (2014) Multiattribute based machine learning models for severity prediction in cross project context. In: Computational science and its applications \u2013 ICCSA 2014. Springer, Cham, pp 227\u2013241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09156-3_17"},{"key":"826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaturvedi K, Singh V (2012) Determining bug severity using machine learning techniques. In Software Engineering (CONSEG), 2012 CSI Sixth International Conference On, IEEE, pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/CONSEG.2012.6349519"},{"key":"826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamkanfi A, Demeyer S, Soetens QD, Verdonck T (2011) Comparing mining algorithms for predicting the severity of a reported bug. In 2011 15th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, pp 249\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSMR.2011.31","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2011.31"},{"key":"826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35743","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2850910","volume":"6","author":"Q Umer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Umer Q, Liu H, Sultan Y (2018) Emotion based automated priority prediction for bug reports. IEEE Access 6:35743\u201335752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2850910","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.26599\/BDMA.2022.9020008","volume":"5","author":"G Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen G, Peng S, Zeng R, Hu Z, Cao L, Zhou Y, Ouyang Z, Nie X (2022) P-norm broad learning for negative emotion classification in social networks. Big Data Min Analytics 5(3):245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26599\/BDMA.2022.9020008","journal-title":"Big Data Min And Analytics"},{"issue":"3","key":"826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.26599\/BDMA.2022.9020009","volume":"5","author":"MS Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman MS, Reza H (2022) A systematic review towards big data analytics in social media. Big Data Min Analytics 5(3):228\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26599\/BDMA.2022.9020009","journal-title":"Big Data Min And Analytics"},{"issue":"2","key":"826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.26599\/BDMA.2021.9020028","volume":"5","author":"IK Nti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nti IK, Quarcoo JA, Aning J, Fosu (2022) G.K.: a mini-review of machine learning in big data analytics: applications, challenges, and prospects. Big Data Min Analytics 5(2):81\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26599\/BDMA.2021.9020028","journal-title":"Big Data Min And Analytics"},{"key":"826_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111898","volume":"208","author":"A Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali A, Xia Y, Umer Q, Osman M (2024) Bert based severity prediction of bug reports for the maintenance of mobile applications. J Syst Softw 208:111898","journal-title":"J Syst And Softw"},{"key":"826_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Menzies T, Marcus A (2008) Automated severity assessment of software defect reports. In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, pp 346\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSM.2008.4658083","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2008.4658083"},{"key":"826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haering M, Stanik C, Maalej W (2021) Automatically matching bug reports with related app reviews. In 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pp 970\u2013981). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE43902.2021.00092"},{"key":"826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alenezi M, Banitaan S (2013) Bug reports prioritization: which features and classifier to use? In 2013 12th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications, vol 2. pp 112\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMLA.2013.114","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2013.114"},{"key":"826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ABLAZE.2015.7154933","volume-title":"Classifying bug severity using dictionary based approach","author":"S Gujral","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gujral S, Sharma G, Sharma S (2015) Classifying bug severity using dictionary based approach. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ABLAZE.2015.7154933"},{"key":"826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang T, Yang G, Lee B, Chan ATS (2015) Predicting severity of bug report by mining bug repository with concept profile. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. SAC\u201915, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1553\u20131558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2695664.2695872","DOI":"10.1145\/2695664.2695872"},{"issue":"5","key":"826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-014-9331-y","volume":"20","author":"Y Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian Y, Lo D, Xia X, Sun C (2015) Automated prediction of bug report priority using multi-factor analysis. Empirical Softw Eng 20(5):1354\u20131383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-014-9331-y","journal-title":"Empirical Softw Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"826_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.26483\/ijarcs.v8i5.3559","volume":"8","author":"P Choudhary","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choudhary P (2017) Neural network based bug priority prediction model using text classification techniques. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci 8(5):1315\u20131319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26483\/ijarcs.v8i5.3559","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res In Comput Sci"},{"key":"826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4018\/IJOSSP.2018100102","volume":"9","author":"M Kumari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumari M, Sharma M, Singh VB (2018) Severity assessment of a reported bug by considering its uncertainty and irregular state. Int J Open Source Softw Processes 9:20\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJOSSP.2018100102","journal-title":"Int J Open Source Softw And Processes"},{"key":"826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang G, Baek S, Lee J-W, Lee B (2017) Analyzing emotion words to predict severity of software bugs: a case study of open source projects. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Applied Computing. SAC\u201917, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1280\u20131287","DOI":"10.1145\/3019612.3019788"},{"issue":"4","key":"826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3212329","volume":"49","author":"H Khalajzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalajzadeh H, Shahin M, Obie HO, Agrawal P, Grundy J (2022) Supporting developers in addressing human-centric issues in mobile apps. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 49(4):2149\u20132168","journal-title":"IEEE Trans On Softw Eng"},{"key":"826_CR24","volume-title":"A median-based fuzzy approach to software quality evaluation","author":"C Yue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yue C, Huang R, Towey D, Zhou L (2024) A median-based fuzzy approach to software quality evaluation. Tsinghua Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2024.9010038","volume":"30","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang H, Li Y, Yang J, Hu D, Liao Z (2024) Camdroid: context-aware model-based automated gui testing for android apps. Tsinghua Sci Technol 30(1):55\u201367","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10085-3","volume":"27","author":"M Izadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Izadi M, Akbari K, Heydarnoori A (2022) Predicting the objective and priority of issue reports in software repositories. Empirical Softw Eng 27(2):50","journal-title":"Empirical Softw Eng"},{"key":"826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlp.2023.100007","volume":"3","author":"AH Oliaee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oliaee AH, Das S, Liu J, Rahman MA (2023) Using bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (bert) to classify traffic crash severity types. Nat Language Process J 3:100007","journal-title":"Nat Language Process J"},{"key":"826_CR28","first-page":"57","volume":"107","author":"S Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu S, Zhang C, Hong D (2022) Bert-based nlp techniques for classification and severity modeling in basic warranty data study. Insur: Math Econ 107:57\u201367","journal-title":"Insur: Math And Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2024.9010075","volume":"30","author":"Y Glani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Glani Y, Ping L, Shah SA, Ke L (2025) Ccdive: A deep dive into code clone detection using local sequence alignment. Tsinghua Sci Technol 30(4):1435\u20131456","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2021HCP0009","volume":"105","author":"T Saga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saga T, Tanaka H, Iwasaka H, Nakamura S (2022) Multimodal prediction of social responsiveness score with bert-based text features. IEICE Trans Inf Syst 105(3):578\u2013586","journal-title":"IEICE Trans On Inf And Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"826_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2023.9010021","volume":"29","author":"S Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng S, Zeng R, Liu H, Cao L, Wang G, Xie J (2023) Deep broad learning for emotion classification in textual conversations. Tsinghua Sci Technol 29(2):481\u2013491","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2024.9010101","volume":"30","author":"S Alyahyan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alyahyan S, Alatawi MN, Alnfiai MM, Alotaibi SD, Alshammari A, Alzaid Z, Alwageed (2024) H.S.: software reliability assessment: an architectural and component impact analysis. Tsinghua Sci Technol 30(2):908\u2013925","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"key":"826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma M, Bedi P, Chaturvedi KK, Singh VB (2012) Predicting the priority of a reported bug using machine learning techniques and cross project validation. In 2012 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA), pp 539\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISDA.2012.6416595","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2012.6416595"},{"key":"826_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2028","volume":"10","author":"A Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali A, Xia Y, Navid Q, Khan ZA, Khan JA, Aldakheel EA, Khafaga D (2024) Mobile-ui-repair: a deep learning based ui smell detection technique for mobile user interface. PeerJ Comput Sci 10:2028","journal-title":"peerj Comput Sci"},{"key":"826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17313-4_35","volume-title":"Advanced data mining and applications","author":"L Yu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu L, Tsai W-T, Zhao W, Wu F (2010) Predicting defect priority based on neural networks. In: Cao L, Zhong J, Feng Y (eds) Advanced data mining and applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 356\u2013367"},{"key":"826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abi Kanaan M, Couchot J-F, Guyeux C, Laiymani D, Atechian T, Darazi R (2023) A methodology for emergency calls severity prediction: from pre-processing to bert-based classifiers. In IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations, Springer, pp. 329\u2013342","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-34111-3_28"},{"key":"826_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107217","volume":"160","author":"L Gomes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gomes L, Silva Torres R, C\u00f4rtes ML (2023) Bert-and tf-idf-based feature extraction for long-lived bug prediction in floss: a comparative study. Inf Softw Technol 160:107217","journal-title":"Inf And Softw Technol"},{"key":"826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu S, Fang C, Zhang Q, Cao Z, Yun Y, Cao Z, Mei K, Chen Z (2023) Mobile app crowdsourced test report consistency detection via deep image-and-text fusion understanding. In IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2023.3285787"},{"key":"826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan M, Akbar MA, Kasurinen J (2025). Integrating llms in software engineering education: motivators, demotivators, and a roadmap towards a framework for Finnish higher education institutes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.22238","DOI":"10.1145\/3727967.3756831"},{"issue":"1","key":"826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-023-10417-5","volume":"29","author":"AA Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan AA, Khan JA, Akbar MA, Zhou P, Fahmideh M (2024) Insights into software development approaches: mining q &a repositories. Empirical Softw Eng 29(1):8","journal-title":"Empirical Softw Eng"},{"key":"826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin J, Ghazali R, Mat Deris M, Naseem R, Shah H (2016) A survey on bug prioritization 47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-016-9478-6"},{"key":"826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.08.030","volume":"145","author":"MR Islam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Islam MR, Zibran MF (2018) Sentistrength-se: exploiting domain specificity for improved sentiment analysis in software engineering text. J Syst Softw 145:125\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2018.08.030","journal-title":"J Syst And Softw"},{"key":"826_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed T, Bosu A, Iqbal A, Rahimi S (2017) Senticr: a customized sentiment analysis tool for code review interactions. In Proceedings of the 32Nd IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. ASE 2017, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 106\u2013111","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2017.8115623"},{"issue":"3","key":"826_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-017-9546-9","volume":"23","author":"F Calefato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calefato F, Lanubile F, Maiorano F, Novielli N (2018) Sentiment polarity detection for software development. Empirical Softw Engg 23(3):1352\u20131382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-017-9546-9","journal-title":"Empirical Softw. Engg."},{"key":"826_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calefato F, Lanubile F, Novielli N (2017) Emotxt: a toolkit for emotion recognition from text. In 2017 Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), pp 79\u201380","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW.2017.8272591"},{"issue":"4","key":"826_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.3390\/ai5040132","volume":"5","author":"MA Arshad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arshad MA, Riaz A, Fatima R, Yasin A (2024) Sevpredict: exploring the potential of large language models in software maintenance. AI 5(4):2739\u20132760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ai5040132","journal-title":"AI"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cloud Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-025-00826-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13677-025-00826-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-025-00826-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T09:45:36Z","timestamp":1767001536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13677-025-00826-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-025-00826-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-113X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-113X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"77"}}