{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:48:55Z","timestamp":1773413335813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009827","name":"Alexandria University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cloud Comp"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-026-00839-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:55:18Z","timestamp":1770630918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing privacy and transparency in electronic voting: a blockchain-based cryptographic framework"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Galal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eman Abd El","family":"Reheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shawkat","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Maaitah S, Qatawneh M, Quzmar A (2021) E_voting system based on blockchain technology: a survey. In 2021 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), Amman, Jordan, 200\u2013205). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIT52682.2021.9491734","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT52682.2021.9491734"},{"key":"839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bulut R, Kantarc\u0131 A, Keskin S, Bahtiyar \u015e (2019) Blockchain-based electronic voting system for elections in Turkey. In 2019 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering, (UBMK), Samsun, Turkey, 183\u2013188). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/UBMK.2019.8907102","DOI":"10.1109\/UBMK.2019.8907102"},{"key":"839_CR3","unstructured":"Selvanesan S, Wijayanayake J (2021) Analyzing the potential of technology in Sri Lanka to adopt e-voting: a systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Monterrey, Mexico, 2290\u20132300"},{"key":"839_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.52589\/AJSTE-X4ASIQPQ","volume":"1","author":"E Kagona","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kagona E (2022) Blockchain-based convolutional neural network e-voting scheme. Adv J Sci, Technol Eng 1:52\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52589\/AJSTE-X4ASIQPQ","journal-title":"Adv J Sci, Technol Eng"},{"key":"839_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malhotra M, Kumar A, Kumar S, Yadav V (2022) Untangling E-Voting platform for secure and enhanced voting using blockchain technology. In: Al-Turjman F, Yadav SP, Kumar M, Yadav V, Stephan T (eds) Transforming management with AI, big-data, and IoT, 5th. Springer, Cham, pp 51\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-86749-2_3. ISBN 978-3-030-86749-2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86749-2_3"},{"key":"839_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1383007","author":"C Ul Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ul Hassan C et al. (2022) A liquid democracy enabled blockchain-based electronic voting system. Sci Program. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1383007","journal-title":"Sci Program"},{"key":"839_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.32628\/IJSRST2182120","volume":"8","author":"M Pathak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pathak M, Suradkar A, Kadam A, Ghodeswar A, Parde P (2021) A review on blockchain based e-voting system. Int J Sci Res 8:134\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32628\/IJSRST2182120","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"839_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ko\u0161t\u2019\u00e1l K, Bencel R, Ries M, Kotuliak L (2019) Blockchain e-voting done right: privacy and transparency with public blockchain. In 2019 IEEE 10th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), Beijing, China, 592\u2013595). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSESS47205.2019.9040770","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSESS47205.2019.9040770"},{"key":"839_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175874","volume":"21","author":"U Jafar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jafar U, Aziz MJA, Shukur Z (2021) Blockchain for electronic voting system-review and open research challenges. Sensors 21:5874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21175874","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"839_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6673691","author":"R Ta\u015f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ta\u015f R, Tanr\u0131\u00f6ver \u00d6\u00d6 (2021) A manipulation prevention model for blockchain-based e-voting systems. Secur Commun Netw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6673691","journal-title":"Secur Commun Netw"},{"key":"839_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li D, Wong WE, Guo J (2020) A survey on blockchain for enterprise using hyperledger fabric and composer. In 2019 6th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA), Harbin, China, 71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DSA.2019.00017","DOI":"10.1109\/DSA.2019.00017"},{"key":"839_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alsaqqa S, Almajali S (2020) Blockchain technology consensus algorithms and applications: a survey. Int J Interact Mob 142\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijim.v14i15.15893","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v14i15.15893"},{"key":"839_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panda SS et al. (2019) Study of blockchain based decentralized consensus algorithms. In TENCON, 2019 \u2013 2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference, (TENCON), Kochi, India, 908\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TENCON.2019.8929439","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2019.8929439"},{"key":"839_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kapoor J, Thakur D (2022) Analysis of symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms. In: Fong S, Dey N, Dey A (eds) Lecture notes in networks and systems. Springer, Singapore, pp 133\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5655-2_13. ISBN 978-981-16-5654-5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5655-2_13"},{"key":"839_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2111.05096","author":"H Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim H, Kim KE, Park S, Sohn J (2021) E-voting system using homomorphic encryption and blockchain technology to encrypt voter data. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2111.05096","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"839_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi S, Kang J, Chung KS (2021) Design of blockchain based e-voting system for vote requirements. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1944\/1\/012002","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1944\/1\/012002"},{"key":"839_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.6633\/IJNS.202103_23(2).13","volume":"23","author":"T Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu T, Cui Z, Du H, Wu Z (2021) Privacy-preserving and veriable electronic voting scheme based on smart contract of blockchain. J Netw Secur 23:296\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6633\/IJNS.202103_23(2).13","journal-title":"J Netw Secur"},{"issue":"19","key":"839_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39419","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3564299","volume":"12","author":"C-M Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen C-M, Xiang B, Pan Z, Amoon M, Agarwal K (2025) Green supply chain management for digital assets in the metaverse: leveraging blockchain and AIoT. IEEE Internet Things J 12(19):39419\u201339432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3564299","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9957995","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9957995","volume":"2023","author":"O Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu O, Wang Z, Li Z (2023) Performance modeling of Hyperledger Fabric 2.0: a queuing theory-based approach. Wireless Commun Mob Comput 2023(1):9957995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/9957995","journal-title":"Wireless Commun Mob Comput"},{"key":"839_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-024-00723-8","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wu C, Li H, Zhang Y (2024) Multi-party confidential verifiable electronic voting scheme based on blockchain. J Cloud Comput 13:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-024-00723-8","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"key":"839_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s42400-024-00226-8","volume":"7","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang B, Guo F, Liu Y et al. (2024) An efficient and versatile e-voting scheme on blockchain. Cybersecurity 7:62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42400-024-00226-8","journal-title":"Cybersecurity"},{"key":"839_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.067641","author":"M Ahmim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmim M, Ouafi N, Ullah I, Ahmim A, Chefrour D, Almukhlifi R (2025) LSAP-IoHT: lightweight secure authentication protocol for the Internet of Healthcare Things. Comput, Mater Continua. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.067641","journal-title":"Comput, Mater Continua"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3388467","volume":"22","author":"AK Yadav","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yadav AK, Misra M, Pandey PK, Ranaweera P, Liyanage M, Kumar N (2025) A secure authentication protocol for IoT-WLAN using EAP framework. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 22(1):49\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3388467","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"839_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-024-4269-5","volume":"68","author":"W Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang W, Xu D, Liu Z, Li X (2025) Secure data transmission and classification for digital twin. Sci China Inf Sci 68:182303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11432-024-4269-5","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"839_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04709-8","volume":"28","author":"HO Ohize","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ohize HO, Onumanyi AJ, Umar BU, Adebayo OS, Gital AY (2025) Blockchain for securing electronic voting systems: a survey of architectures, trends, solutions, and challenges. Cluster Comput 28:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-024-04709-8","journal-title":"Cluster Comput"},{"key":"839_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pathan SK (2025) Quantum-resistant blockchain-based e-voting system with enhanced voter privacy and real-time transparency. Int J Comput Application 15(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.16728461","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.16728461"},{"key":"839_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.28-4-2025.2358030","volume-title":"ICITSM part II","author":"K Giridhar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giridhar K, Venugopal M, Vishnuvardhan Reddy B, Sreyanjali P, Sneha S (2025) Leveraging blockchain for the design and realization of a secure e-voting mechanism. In: ICITSM part II. EAI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.28-4-2025.2358030"},{"key":"839_CR28","unstructured":"\u201cHyperledger Fabric Official Documentation\u201d. https:\/\/hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/performance.html. accessed Mar. 12, 2025"},{"key":"839_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bellare M, Rogaway P (2018) Simplifying game-based definitions. In Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO 2018), Springer, Cham, 20\u201337). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-96881-0_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96881-0_1"},{"key":"839_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13204000","volume":"13","author":"J Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou J, Fu W, Hu W, Sun Z, He T, Zhang Z (2024) Challenges and advances in analyzing TLS 1.3-encrypted traffic: a comprehensive survey. Electronics 13:4000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13204000","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"839_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2022.102674","volume":"122","author":"A La Salle","year":"2023","unstructured":"La Salle A, Kumar A, Jevti\u0107 P, Boscovic D (2023) Joint modeling of Hyperledger Fabric and Sybil attack: petri net approach. Simul Modell Pract Theory 122:102674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.simpat.2022.102674","journal-title":"Simul Modell Pract Theory"},{"key":"839_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13010017","volume":"13","author":"M Hajian Berenjestanaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hajian Berenjestanaki M, Barzegar HR, El Ioini N, Pahl C (2024) Blockchain-based e-voting systems: a technology review. Electronics 13:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13010017","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"839_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100009","author":"L Hang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hang L, Kim D (2021) Optimal blockchain network construction methodology based on analysis of configurable components for enhancing hyperledger fabric performance. Blockchain: Res Appl. 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100009","journal-title":"Blockchain"},{"key":"839_CR34","unstructured":"\u201cProposed Model Data\u201d. https:\/\/data.world\/trilogyed\/dataviz-homework-python\/workspace\/file?filename=election_data_2.csv. accessed Mar. 12, 2025"},{"key":"839_CR35","unstructured":"\u201cOracle Java Official Documentation\u201d. https:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/javase\/8\/docs\/api\/java\/lang\/Thread.html. accessed Mar. 12, 2025"},{"key":"839_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui J, Xiao J, Wang Q (2023) Research on data protection scheme for road maintenance system based on hybrid encryption. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Engineering Management and Information Science, Chengdu, China. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.24-2-2023.2330677","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.24-2-2023.2330677"},{"key":"839_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04261-x","volume":"27","author":"MJ Hossain Faruk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hossain Faruk MJ, Alam F, Islam M, Ahmed M, Rahman M (2024) Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency. Cluster Comput 27:4015\u20134034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-023-04261-x","journal-title":"Cluster Comput"},{"key":"839_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gorenflo C, Lee S, Golab L, Keshav S (2019) FastFabric: scaling Hyperledger Fabric to 20, 000 transactions per second. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), Seoul, Korea (South), 455\u2013463). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751452","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751452"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cloud Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13677-026-00839-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-026-00839-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13677-026-00839-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:30:04Z","timestamp":1773397804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13677-026-00839-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-026-00839-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-113X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-113X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.G.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Additional information"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"39"}}