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The proposed method was validated using two-dimensional benchmark problems and the results were compared with results using the OC method. Weight percentage reduction, maximum stress-induced, optimal material distribution, and compliance were used to compare results. Results from the proposed method showed that the proposed method can generate connected topologies which are free from the interference of end-users, and only depend on boundary conditions or design variables. From the results, the objective function (weight of the design domain) can be further reduced in the range of 5 to 15% compared to the OC method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40323-020-00183-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T13:05:19Z","timestamp":1605531919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A firefly algorithm based hybrid method for structural topology optimization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hailu Shimels","family":"Gebremedhen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dereje Engida","family":"Woldemichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fakhruldin Mohd","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"183_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01650949","volume":"1","author":"MP Bendsoe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bendsoe MP. 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