{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1780637752826,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Big Data"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-025-01197-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T16:29:53Z","timestamp":1749832193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A unified IoT architectural model for smart hospitals: enhancing interoperability, security, and efficiency through clinical information systems (CIS)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Yadegari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Asosheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"67","key":"1197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-020-00215-5","volume":"9","author":"EDB \u00c7al\u0131","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c7al\u0131 EDB, Okay E. Analysis of factors affecting IoT-based smart hospital design. J Cloud Comput. 2020;9(67):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-020-00215-5.","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"key":"1197_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI220973","volume":"299","author":"A Kiourtis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiourtis A, et al. Electronic health records at people\u2019s hands across europe: the interopEHRate protocols. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2022;299:145\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/SHTI220973.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"1197_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rescic N et al., SmartCHANGE: AI-based long-term health risk evaluation for driving behaviour change strategies in children and youth, in 2023 International Conference on Applied Mathematics & Computer Science (ICAMCS), 2023, pp. 81\u201389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICAMCS59110.2023.00020.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAMCS59110.2023.00020"},{"key":"1197_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gautam A, Chirputkar A, Pathak P, Opportunities and challenges in the application of artificial intelligence-based technologies in the healthcare industry, Int Interdiscip Humanit Conf Sustain IIHC 2022 Proc. 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IIHC55949.2022.10059767.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIHC55949.2022.10059767"},{"key":"1197_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103164","volume":"192","author":"M Haghi Kashani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haghi Kashani M, Madanipour M, Nikravan M, Asghari P, Mahdipour E. A systematic review of IoT in healthcare: applications, techniques, and trends. J Netw Comput Appl. 2021;192:1\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103164.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"1197_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mavrogiorgou A et al., beHEALTHIER: a microservices platform for analyzing and exploiting healthcare data, in 2021 IEEE 34th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CBMS52027.2021.00078.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS52027.2021.00078"},{"issue":"5","key":"1197_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2019.27.369-373","volume":"27","author":"D Kyriazis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kyriazis D, et al. The CrowdHEALTH project and the hollistic health records: collective wisdom driving public health policies. Acta Inform Medica. 2019;27(5):369\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/aim.2019.27.369-373.","journal-title":"Acta Inform Medica"},{"key":"1197_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19091978","author":"A Mavrogiorgou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mavrogiorgou A, Kiourtis A, Perakis K, Pitsios S, Kyriazis D. IoT in healthcare: achieving interoperability of high-quality data acquired by IoT medical devices. Sensors. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19091978.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1197_CR9","unstructured":"WHO, World Health Organization, Global Strategy on Digital Health. 2020; 57(4)."},{"issue":"3","key":"1197_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-023-00748-0","volume":"13","author":"A Kiourtis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kiourtis A, Mavrogiorgou A, Kyriazis D. A computer vision-based IoT data ingestion architecture supporting data prioritization. Health Technol. 2023;13(3):391\u2013411.","journal-title":"Health Technol"},{"key":"1197_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghadi YY et al., The role of blockchain to secure internet of medical things, vol. 14, no. 1. Nature Publishing Group UK, 2024.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68529-x"},{"key":"1197_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-024-00654-4","author":"YY Ghadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghadi YY, Shah SFA, Mazhar T, Shahzad T, Ouahada K, Hamam H. Enhancing patient healthcare with mobile edge computing and 5G: challenges and solutions for secure online health tools. J Cloud Comput. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-024-00654-4.","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"1197_CR13","first-page":"347","volume":"8","author":"FAA Moshiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moshiri FAA. Classification of architectural styles based on the dimensions of the integration of hospital information systems. J Heal Biomed Inf. 2022;8(4):347\u201358.","journal-title":"J Heal Biomed Inf"},{"issue":"4","key":"1197_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","volume":"17","author":"M Al-Fuqaha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Fuqaha M. Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials. 2015;17(4):2347\u201376.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials"},{"issue":"5","key":"1197_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.12928\/TELKOMNIKA.v18i5.15911","volume":"18","author":"G Villamil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villamil G. An overview of internet of things. Telkomnika Telecommun Comput Electron Control. 2020;18(5):2320\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12928\/TELKOMNIKA.v18i5.15911.","journal-title":"Telkomnika Telecommun Comput Electron Control"},{"key":"1197_CR16","unstructured":"dos Santos1a M, Marcela G, Ameyed2b, Darine and Petrillo1c, Fabio and Jaafar3d, Fehmi and Cheriet2e, Internet of things architectures: a comparative study, 2020."},{"key":"1197_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramp T, van Kranenburg R, Lange S, Introduction to the internet of things. 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40403-0_1"},{"key":"1197_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fremantle P, A reference architecture for the internet of things, WSO2 White Pap. 2014; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.20158.89922.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.20158.89922"},{"key":"1197_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1109\/INTELSE.2016.7475151","volume":"2016","author":"K Ullah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ullah K, Shah MA, Zhang S. \u201cEffective ways to use internet of things in the field of medical and smart health care\u201d, 2016 Int. Conf Intell Syst Eng ICISE. 2016;2016:372\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INTELSE.2016.7475151.","journal-title":"Conf Intell Syst Eng ICISE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1913\/1\/012145","volume":"1913","author":"RC Dharmik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dharmik RC, Gotarkar S, Dinesh P, Sant Burde H. An IoT framework for healthcare monitoring system. J Phys Conf Ser. 2021;1913(1):451\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1913\/1\/012145.","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600374CM","volume":"55","author":"JH Abawajy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abawajy JH, Hassan MM. Federated internet of things and cloud computing pervasive patient health monitoring system. IEEE Commun Mag. 2017;55(1):48\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600374CM.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2022.28.1.3","volume":"28","author":"H Kwon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwon H, et al. Review of smart hospital services in real healthcare environments. Healthc Inform Res. 2022;28(1):3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4258\/hir.2022.28.1.3.","journal-title":"Healthc Inform Res"},{"key":"1197_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adrianto D, Lin FJ. Analysis of security protocols and corresponding cipher suites in ETSI M2M standards. IEEE World Forum Internet Things, WF-IoT 2015-Proc., pp. 777\u2013782, 2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389152.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389152"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2016.20","volume":"33","author":"M Weyrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weyrich M, Ebert C. Reference architectures for the internet of things. IEEE Softw. 2016;33(1):112\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MS.2016.20.","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"key":"1197_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010084","author":"I Zyrianoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zyrianoff I, et al. Architecting and deploying IoT smart applications: a performance\u2013oriented approach. Sensors. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010084.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1197_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CONFLUENCE.2017.7943156","author":"J Dutta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dutta J, Roy S. IoT-fog-cloud based architecture for smart city\u202f: prototype of a smart building. Sensors. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CONFLUENCE.2017.7943156.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1197_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3018896.3025166","author":"AQ Gill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gill AQ, Behbood V, Ramadan-Jradi R, Beydoun G. IoT architectural concerns: a systematic review. ACM Int Conf Proc Ser. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3018896.3025166.","journal-title":"ACM Int Conf Proc Ser"},{"issue":"10","key":"1197_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.4304\/jnw.7.10.1654-1661","volume":"7","author":"L Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu L, Lu Y, Zhu XJ. Smart hospital based on internet of things. J Netw. 2012;7(10):1654\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4304\/jnw.7.10.1654-1661.","journal-title":"J Netw"},{"key":"1197_CR29","unstructured":"Bellavista P, Giannelli C, Das SK, Cao J, Middleware solutions for wireless internet of things. 2019."},{"key":"1197_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092796","author":"M Burhan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burhan M, Rehman RA, Khan B, Kim BS. IoT elements, layered architectures and security issues: a comprehensive survey. Sensors. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092796.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02197-3","volume":"12","author":"N Gavrilovi\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gavrilovi\u0107 N, Mishra A. Software architecture of the internet of things (IoT) for smart city, healthcare and agriculture: analysis and improvement directions. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput. 2021;12(1):1315\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02197-3.","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"key":"1197_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05029-4","volume":"546","author":"N Bessis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bessis N, Dobre C. Fog computing: a platform for internet of things and analytics. Big Data Int Things A Roadmap Smart Environ Stud Comput Intell. 2014;546:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-05029-4.","journal-title":"Big Data Int Things A Roadmap Smart Environ Stud Comput Intell"},{"key":"1197_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.103884","volume":"226","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen T, Nguyen H, Nguyen Gia T. Exploring the integration of edge computing and blockchain IoT: Principles, architectures, security, and applications. J Netw Comput Appl. 2024;226:103884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.103884.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"1197_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135479","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3011503","volume":"8","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, et al. A secured framework for SDN-based edge computing in IoT-enabled healthcare system. IEEE Access. 2020;8:135479\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3011503.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2018","key":"1197_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.11.008","volume":"76","author":"S Sicari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sicari S, Rizzardi A, Grieco LA, Coen-Porisini A. Security, privacy and trust in Internet of things: the road ahead. Comput Networks. 2015;76(2018):146\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.11.008.","journal-title":"Comput. Networks"},{"key":"1197_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Songhorabadi, M. Rahimi, A. M. MoghadamFarid, and M. Haghi Kashani, Fog computing approaches in IoT-enabled smart cities, J Netw Comput Appl, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2022.103557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2022.103557"},{"key":"1197_CR37","unstructured":"ENISA, Smart hospitals\u202f: security and resilience for smart health service and infrastructures., no. November. 2016."},{"issue":"7","key":"1197_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.02.016","volume":"10","author":"D Miorandi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miorandi D, Sicari S, De Pellegrini F, Chlamtac I. Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Ad Hoc Netw. 2012;10(7):1497\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.02.016.","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw"},{"key":"1197_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3368691.3368721","author":"MB Yassein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yassein MB, Hmeidi I, Al-Harbi M, Mrayan L, Mardini W, Khamayseh Y. IoT-based healthcare systems: a survey. ACM Int Conf Proceeding Ser. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3368691.3368721.","journal-title":"ACM Int Conf Proceeding Ser"},{"key":"1197_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3464385.3464746","author":"M Teresa Baldassarre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teresa Baldassarre M, Santa Barletta V, Caivano D, Piccinno A. Integrating security and privacy in HCD-scrum. ACM Int Conf Proc Ser. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3464385.3464746.","journal-title":"ACM Int Conf Proc Ser"},{"issue":"4","key":"1197_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.34172\/jhbmi.2023.06","volume":"9","author":"F Yadegari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yadegari F, Asosheh A. Introducing a service model in IoT -based smart hospital. J Heal Biomed Inf. 2023;9(4):267\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/jhbmi.2023.06.","journal-title":"J Heal Biomed Inf"},{"issue":"9","key":"1197_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/a15090309","volume":"15","author":"AD Aguru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aguru AD, Babu ES, Nayak SR, Sethy A, Verma A. Integrated industrial reference architecture for smart healthcare in internet of things: a systematic investigation. Algorithms. 2022;15(9):1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a15090309.","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40031-021-00632-3","volume":"103","author":"N Verma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verma N, Singh S, Prasad D. A review on existing IoT architecture and communication protocols used in healthcare monitoring system. J Inst Eng Ser B. 2022;103(1):245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40031-021-00632-3.","journal-title":"J Inst Eng Ser B"},{"key":"1197_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6183732","author":"M Pasha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pasha M, Shah SMW. Framework for E-health systems in IoT-based environments. Wirel Commun Mob Comput. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6183732.","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"issue":"10","key":"1197_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.09.024","volume":"34","author":"SK Mishra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mishra SK, Sarkar A. Service-oriented architecture for internet of things: a semantic approach. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci. 2021;34(10):8765\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.09.024.","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1197_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/3714983.3714991","volume":"28","author":"C Josephson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Josephson C. Unlocking sustainable and scalable sensing systems at the far edge. GetMobile Mob Comp Comm. 2025;28(4):19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3714983.3714991.","journal-title":"GetMobile Mob Comp Comm"},{"issue":"6","key":"1197_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.35940\/ijsce.F3654.14060125","volume":"2307","author":"A Manjunath","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manjunath A, Manjunatha KN, Srinivas P, Kumar P, Harshitha J. An integrated paradigm for advanced irrigation systems leveraging internet of things ( IoT ). Int J Soft Comput Eng. 2025;2307(6):12\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35940\/ijsce.F3654.14060125.","journal-title":"Int J Soft Comput Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625","volume":"28","author":"AR Hevner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hevner AR, March ST, Park J, Ram S. Design science in information systems research. MIS Q Manag Inf Syst. 2004;28(1):75\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25148625.","journal-title":"MIS Q Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"1197_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCS.1998.706657","author":"R Kazman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kazman R, Klein M, Barbacci M, Longstaff T, Lipson H, Carriere J. The architecture tradeoff analysis method. Proc IEEE Int Conf Eng Complex Comput Syst ICECCS. 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICECCS.1998.706657.","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Eng Complex Comput Syst ICECCS"},{"key":"1197_CR50","unstructured":"Lytra I, Carrillo C, Zdun CU, Quality attributes use in architecture design decision methods\u202f: research and practice."},{"issue":"3","key":"1197_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2988293","volume":"22","author":"MA Al-Garadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Garadi MA, Mohamed A, Al-Ali AK, Du X, Ali I, Guizani M. A survey of machine and deep learning methods for internet of things (IoT) security. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials. 2020;22(3):1646\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2020.2988293.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials"},{"issue":"6","key":"1197_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2584538","volume":"3","author":"M Chiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiang M, Zhang T. Fog and IoT: an overview of research opportunities. IEEE Int Things J. 2016;3(6):854\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2584538.","journal-title":"IEEE Int Things J"},{"key":"1197_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aazam M, Huh EN, Fog computing and smart gateway based communication for cloud of things, Proc\u20142014 Int Conf Futur Internet Things Cloud, FiCloud 2014, August 2014, 464\u2013470, 2014, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FiCloud.2014.83.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2014.83"},{"key":"1197_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.245","volume":"49","author":"A Vahid Dastjerdi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vahid Dastjerdi A, Buyya R. Fog computing: helping the internet of things realize. IEEE Comput Soc. 2016;49:112\u20136.","journal-title":"IEEE Comput Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1197_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.0730.v1","volume":"11","author":"YJA Khasawneh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khasawneh YJA, Khasawneh MAS. Achieving assessment equity and fairness: identifying and eliminating bias in assessment tools and practices. Kurd Stud. 2023;11(2):4469\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202306.0730.v1.","journal-title":"Kurd Stud"},{"issue":"12","key":"1197_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2754499","volume":"29","author":"Q Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Q, Mao Z, Wang B, Guo L. Knowledge graph embedding: a survey of approaches and applications. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng. 2017;29(12):2724\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2754499.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"1197_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx044","volume":"19","author":"R Miotto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miotto R, Wang F, Wang S, Jiang X, Dudley JT. Deep learning for healthcare: review, opportunities and challenges. Brief Bioinform. 2017;19(6):1236\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bbx044.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"1197_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447772","author":"A Hogan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hogan A, et al. Knowledge graphs. ACM Comput Surv. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3447772.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"2","key":"1197_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2973314","volume":"22","author":"YA Qadri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qadri YA, Nauman A, Bin Zikria Y, Vasilakos AV, Kim SW. The future of healthcare internet of things: a survey of emerging technologies. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials. 2020;22(2):1121\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2020.2973314.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84427-8","volume":"15","author":"J Xiong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiong J, Shen L, Liu Y, Fang X. Enhancing IoT security in smart grids with quantum-resistant hybrid encryption. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84427-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Big Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01197-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01197-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01197-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T16:29:55Z","timestamp":1749832195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofbigdata.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01197-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01197-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-1115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-1115","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"149"}}