{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T22:17:09Z","timestamp":1784326629197,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Big Data"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-025-01275-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T15:44:59Z","timestamp":1763135099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The evolution of the European football transfer network"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7406-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"D\u2019Urso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"De Giovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3231-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Federico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1275_CR1","unstructured":"I-4921, E.: Case C-415\/93 Union Royale Belge des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de Football Association ASBL V Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal Club Li\u00e9geois SA V Jean-Marc Bosman and Others and Union des Associations Europ\u00e9ennes de Football (UEFA) V Jean-Marc Bosman. 1995"},{"key":"1275_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franceschi M, Brocard J-F, Follert F, Gouguet J-J. Determinants of football players\u2019 valuation: A systematic review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2023; 38","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12552"},{"key":"1275_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Solberg HA, Gratton C. In: Frawley, S., Adair, D. (eds.) Broadcasting the World Cup. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London 2014; pp. 47\u2013629781137373687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137373687_4 .","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137373687_4"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1275_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/23750472.2018.1513341","volume":"23","author":"S Bullough","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bullough S. Uefa champions league revenues, performance and participation 2003\u20132004 to 2016\u20132017. Managing Sport Leisure. 2018;23(1\u20132):139\u201356.","journal-title":"Managing Sport Leisure"},{"issue":"4","key":"1275_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2020.1820062","volume":"22","author":"S Ahtiainen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahtiainen S, Jarva H. Has uefa\u2019s financial fair play regulation increased football clubs\u2019 profitability? Eur Sport Manag Q. 2022;22(4):569\u201387.","journal-title":"Eur Sport Manag Q"},{"key":"1275_CR6","first-page":"41","volume":"10","author":"L Richau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richau L, Follert F, Frenger M, Emrich E. Performance indicators in football: the im-portance of actual performance for the market value of football players. Sciamus-Sport Manag. 2010;10:41\u201367.","journal-title":"Sciamus-Sport Manag"},{"key":"1275_CR7","first-page":"109","volume":"31","author":"A Metelski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Metelski A. Transfer market in football: analyzing the top 100 most expensive players. Humanit Soc Sci Quart. 2024;31:109\u201320.","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Quart"},{"key":"1275_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-05319-3","volume":"25","author":"I Behravan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Behravan I, Razavi S. A novel machine learning method for estimating football players\u2019 value in the transfer market. Soft Comput. 2021;25:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-020-05319-3.","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"1275_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzi A, Taragoni P. The football industry. a literature review and future research avenues in the risk management perspective. Corporate Governance and Research &; Development Studies - Open Access 2 2024.","DOI":"10.3280\/cgrds2-2023oa16952"},{"issue":"1","key":"1275_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-022-04558-x","volume":"325","author":"P D\u2019Urso","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Urso P, Giovanni L, Vitale V. A robust method for clustering football players with mixed attributes. Ann Oper Res. 2023;325(1):9\u201336.","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res"},{"key":"1275_CR11","volume":"10","author":"R Cerqueti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cerqueti R, D\u2019Urso P, Giovanni L, Mattera R, Vitale V. Ingarch-based fuzzy clustering of count time series with a football application. Mach Learn Appl. 2022;10:100417.","journal-title":"Mach Learn Appl"},{"key":"1275_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.09.002","volume":"659","author":"S Fortunato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fortunato S, Hric D. Community detection in networks: a user guide. Phys Rep. 2016;659:1\u201344.","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1275_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2015.2391998","volume":"1","author":"R Lambiotte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lambiotte R, Delvenne J-C, Barahona M. Random walks, markov processes and the multiscale modular organization of complex networks. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng. 2015;1(2):76\u201390.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng"},{"issue":"177","key":"1275_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"E Abbe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbe E. Community detection and stochastic block models: recent developments. J Mach Learn Res. 2018;18(177):1\u201386.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"1275_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-018-0493-2","volume":"8","author":"K Das","year":"2018","unstructured":"Das K, Samanta S, Pal M. Study on centrality measures in social networks: a survey. Soc Netw Anal Min. 2018;8:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Soc Netw Anal Min"},{"key":"1275_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3938\/NPSM.65.402","volume":"65","author":"S LEE","year":"2015","unstructured":"LEE S, Hong I, Jung W-S. A network approach to the transfer market of European football leagues. New Physics Sae Mulli. 2015;65:402\u20139.","journal-title":"New Physics Sae Mulli"},{"key":"1275_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10955-022-02919-1","volume":"187","author":"T Wand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wand T. Analysis of the football transfer market network. J Stat Phys. 2022;187:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10955-022-02919-1.","journal-title":"J Stat Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1275_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3233\/JSA-220661","volume":"9","author":"L Palazzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palazzo L, Rondinelli R, Clemente FM, Ievoli R, Ragozini G. Community structure of the football transfer market network: the case of Italian serie a. J Sports Anal. 2023;9(3):221\u201343.","journal-title":"J Sports Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"1275_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0156504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156504","volume":"11","author":"XF Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu XF, Liu Y-L, Lu X-H, Wang Q-X, Wang T-X. The anatomy of the global football player transfer network: club functionalities versus network properties. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):0156504.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1275_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3108-2","volume":"5","author":"R Rein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rein R, Memmert D. Big data and tactical analysis in elite soccer: future challenges and opportunities for sports science. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):1410.","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"1275_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"40","author":"P D\u2019Urso","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Urso P, Giovanni L, Federico L, Vitale V. Network and attribute-based clustering of tennis players and tournaments. Comput Stat. 2024;40:1\u201324.","journal-title":"Comput Stat"},{"key":"1275_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhu H, Hu W, Shen Z, Yao Y. Discerning tactical patterns for professional soccer teams: an enhanced topic model with applications. In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2015; pp. 2197\u20132206","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2788577"},{"key":"1275_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.10.001","volume":"57","author":"S Mclean","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mclean S, Salmon PM, Gorman AD, Stevens NJ, Solomon C. A social network analysis of the goal scoring passing networks of the 2016 European football championships. Hum Mov Sci. 2018;57:400\u20138.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1275_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci9100169","volume":"9","author":"JM Lamir\u00e1n-Palomares","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamir\u00e1n-Palomares JM, Baviera T, Baviera-Puig A. Sports influencers on twitter. analysis and comparative study of track cycling world cups 2016 and 2018. Soc Sci. 2020;9(10):169.","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1275_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-022-04647-x","volume":"325","author":"A Chessa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chessa A, D\u2019Urso P, Giovanni L, Vitale V, Gebbia A. Complex networks for community detection of basketball players. Ann Oper Res. 2023;325(1):363\u201389.","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res"},{"key":"1275_CR26","unstructured":"UEFA Association Club Coefficients. https:\/\/www.uefa.com\/nationalassociations\/uefarankings\/country\/?year=2024. Accessed 1 Sep 2025"},{"key":"1275_CR27","unstructured":"Dataset. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/mexwell\/football-transfer-dataset. Accessed 1 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"1275_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(89)90102-6","volume":"31","author":"T Kamada","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kamada T, Kawai S. An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs. Inf Process Lett. 1989;31(1):7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-0190(89)90102-6.","journal-title":"Inf Process Lett"},{"key":"1275_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivel\u00e4 M, Arenas A, Barthelemy M, Gleeson JP, Moreno Y, Porter MA. Multilayer networks Journal of complex networks. 2014;2(3):203\u201371.","DOI":"10.1093\/comnet\/cnu016"},{"key":"1275_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.066111","volume":"70","author":"A Clauset","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clauset A, Newman MEJ, Moore C. Finding community structure in very large networks. Phys Rev E. 2004;70:066111.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"1275_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f4me E, Jouvin N. greed: An r package for model-based clustering by greedy maximization of the integrated classification likelihood. arXiv preprint. 2022. arXiv:2204.14063","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.greed"},{"issue":"11","key":"1275_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.118703","volume":"100","author":"EA Leicht","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leicht EA, Newman ME. Community structure in directed networks. Phys Rev Lett. 2008;100(11):118703.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"23","key":"1275_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","volume":"103","author":"ME Newman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newman ME. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103(23):8577\u201382.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1275_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing W, Ghorbani A. Weighted pagerank algorithm. In: Proceedings. Second Annual Conference on Communication Networks and Services Research, IEEE, 2004; 2004, pp. 305\u2013314.","DOI":"10.1109\/DNSR.2004.1344743"}],"container-title":["Journal of Big Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01275-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01275-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01275-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:03:00Z","timestamp":1763164980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofbigdata.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01275-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40537-025-01275-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-1115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-1115","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"251"}}