{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T03:45:45Z","timestamp":1775274345798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Learn. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-018-0078-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T10:21:10Z","timestamp":1542363670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Implicit modeling of learners\u2019 personalities in a game-based learning environment using their gaming behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mouna","family":"Denden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1449-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Tlili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fathi","family":"Essalmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Jemni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"78_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00244-1","volume":"35","author":"A Aluja","year":"2003","unstructured":"A. Aluja, \u00d3. Garc\u00eda, L.F. Garc\u00eda, Relationships among extraversion, openness to experience, and sensation seeking. Personal. Individ. Differ. 35, 671\u2013680 (2003)","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"78_CR2","first-page":"451","volume-title":"The Effect of Software Team Personality Composition on Learning and Performance: Making the \u201cDream\u201d Team","author":"G Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"G. Anderson, M.J. Keith, J. Francisco, S. Fox, The Effect of Software Team Personality Composition on Learning and Performance: Making the \u201cDream\u201d Team (2018), pp. 451\u2013460"},{"key":"78_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2389.00160","volume":"9","author":"MR Barrick","year":"2001","unstructured":"M.R. Barrick, M.K. Mount, T.A. Judge, Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? Int. J. Sel. Assess. 9, 9\u201330 (2001)","journal-title":"Int. J. Sel. Assess."},{"key":"78_CR4","unstructured":"R.A. Bartle, Designing Virtual Worlds (New Riders Publishing, USA, 2004)"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000322525","volume":"44","author":"J Billieux","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. Billieux, J. Chanal, Y. Khazaal, L. Rochat, P. Gay, D. Zullino, M. Van der Linden, Psychological predictors of problematic involvement in massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPG): Illustration in a sample of male cybercafes players. Psychopathology 44(3), 165\u2013171 (2011)","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"78_CR6","unstructured":"S. Bjork, J. Holopainen, Patterns in game design (game development series) (Charles River Media, 2004)"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-016-0228-z","volume":"27","author":"R Buettner","year":"2017","unstructured":"R. Buettner, Predicting user behavior in electronic markets based on personality-mining in large online social networks. Electron. Mark. 27(3), 247\u2013265 (2017)","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"78_CR8","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Modeling Individual Differences in Game Behavior using HMM. Proceedings of the Thirteenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE-17)","author":"S Bunian","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. Bunian, A. Canossa, R. Colvin, M.S. El-Nasr, Modeling Individual Differences in Game Behavior using HMM. Proceedings of the Thirteenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE-17) (2018), pp. 158\u2013164"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"78_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTEL.2012.051815","volume":"4","author":"MA Chatti","year":"2012","unstructured":"M.A. Chatti, A.L. Dyckhoff, U. Schroeder, H. Th\u00fcs, A reference model for learning analytics. Int J Technol Enhanced Learn 4(5\u20136), 318\u2013331 (2012)","journal-title":"Int J Technol Enhanced Learn"},{"key":"78_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1145\/2930238.2930240","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 conference on user modeling adaptation and personalization","author":"G Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. Chen, D. Davis, C. Hauff, G.J. Houben, in Proceedings of the 2016 conference on user modeling adaptation and personalization. On the impact of personality in massive open online learning (2016), pp. 121\u2013130"},{"issue":"8","key":"78_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2017.1304994","volume":"36","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Z. Chen, T. Lin, Automatic personality identification using writing behaviours: an exploratory study. Behav. Inform. Technol. 36(8), 839\u2013845 (2017)","journal-title":"Behav. Inform. Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"78_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(02)00191-1","volume":"137","author":"J Cheng","year":"2002","unstructured":"J. Cheng, R. Greiner, J. Kelly, J. Kelly, D. Bell, W. Liu, Learning Bayesian networks from data: an information-theory based approach. Artif. Intell. 137(1\u20132), 43\u201390 (2002)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"78_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Chittaranjan, J. Blom, D. Gatica-Perez, in Wearable Computers (ISWC), 2011 15th Annual International Symposium on. Who's who with big-five: Analyzing and classifying personality traits with smartphones (IEEE, 2011), pp. 29\u201336","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2011.29"},{"key":"78_CR14","unstructured":"Chong, Y., Wong, M., Thomson Fredrik, E. (2005). The Impact of Learning Styles on the Effec- tiveness of Digital Games in Education. Proceedings of the Symposium on Information Technology in Education, KDU College, Patailing Java"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/0091651X.1967.10120401","volume":"31","author":"A Choungourian","year":"1967","unstructured":"A. Choungourian, Introversion\u2014extraversion and color preferences. J Proj Tech Pers Assessment 31(4), 92\u201394 (1967)","journal-title":"J Proj Tech Pers Assessment"},{"issue":"11","key":"78_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.02.007","volume":"40","author":"K Chrysafiadi","year":"2013","unstructured":"K. Chrysafiadi, M. Virvou, Student modeling approaches: A literature review for the last decade. Expert Syst. Appl. 40(11), 4715\u20134729 (2013)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"78_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.030","volume":"72","author":"A Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Cohen, O. Baruth, Personality, learning, and satisfaction in fully online academic courses. Comput. Hum. Behav. 72, 1\u201312 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"J. Cohen, A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 20(1), 37\u201346 (1960)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021258506583","volume":"12","author":"C Conati","year":"2002","unstructured":"C. Conati, A. Gertner, K. Vanlehn, Using Bayesian networks to manage uncertainty in student modeling. User Model. User-Adap. Inter. 12(4), 371\u2013417 (2002)","journal-title":"User Model. User-Adap. Inter."},{"key":"78_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47987-2_94","volume-title":"International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems","author":"C Conati","year":"2002","unstructured":"C. Conati, X. Zhou, in International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Modeling students\u2019 emotions from cognitive appraisal in educational games (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2002), pp. 944\u2013954"},{"key":"78_CR21","unstructured":"Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO FFI): Professional manual. In Psychologycal Assessement Resources"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","volume":"13","author":"FD Davis","year":"1989","unstructured":"F.D. Davis, Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly 13(3), 319\u2013340 (1989)","journal-title":"MIS quarterly"},{"key":"78_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2419-1_5","volume-title":"Innovations in Smart Learning","author":"M Denden","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Denden, F. Essalmi, A. Tlili, in Innovations in Smart Learning. A 3-D Educational Game for enhancing learners\u2019 performance in A star Algorithm (Springer, Singapore, 2017a), pp. 29\u201332"},{"key":"78_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denden, M., Tlili, A., Essalmi, F., & Jemni, M. (2017b). Educational gamification based on personality. Proceeding of the 14th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA) (pp. 1399\u20131405)","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2017.87"},{"key":"78_CR25","first-page":"111","volume-title":"18th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT)","author":"M Denden","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Denden, A. Tlili, F. Essalmi, M. Jemni, in 18th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). Does personality affect students' perceived preferences for game elements in gamified learning environments? (2018a), pp. 111\u2013115"},{"key":"78_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8743-1_18","volume-title":"Challenges and Solutions in Smart Learning","author":"M Denden","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Denden, A. Tlili, F. Essalmi, M. Jemni, in Challenges and Solutions in Smart Learning. An educational role-playing game for modeling the learner\u2019s personality (Springer, Singapore, 2018b), pp. 129\u2013134"},{"key":"78_CR27","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Educators program","author":"MD Dickey","year":"2006","unstructured":"M.D. Dickey, in ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Educators program. Ninja looking for instructional design: the design challenges of creating a fame-based learning environment (2006)"},{"issue":"8","key":"78_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2003.08.020","volume":"36","author":"A Duff","year":"2004","unstructured":"A. Duff, E. Boyle, K. Dunleavy, J. Ferguson, The relationship between personality, approach to learning and academic performance. Personal. Individ. Differ. 36(8), 1907\u20131920 (2004)","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"issue":"1355","key":"78_CR29","first-page":"41","volume":"125","author":"AJ Ekeroma","year":"2012","unstructured":"A.J. Ekeroma, B. Ikenasio-Thorpe, S. Weeks, J. Kokaua, K. Puniani, P. Stone, S.A. Foliaki, Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a screening tool for postnatal depression in Samoan and Tongan women living in New Zealand. N Z Med J 125(1355), 41\u201349 (2012)","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"78_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15231-3_33","volume-title":"Human-computer interaction","author":"M Erfani","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. Erfani, M. Seif El-Nasr, D. Milam, B. Aghabeigi, B.A. Lameman, B. Riecke, H. Maygoli, S. Mah, in Human-computer interaction. The effect of age, gender, and previous gaming experience on game play performance, vol 332 (2010), pp. 293\u2013296"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDET.2017100102","volume":"15","author":"F Essalmi","year":"2017","unstructured":"F. Essalmi, A. Tlili, L.J.B. Ayed, M. Jemni, Toward Modeling the Learner's Personality Using Educational Games. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET) 15(4), 21\u201338 (2017)","journal-title":"International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET)"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00915.x","volume":"58","author":"HJ Eysenck","year":"1990","unstructured":"H.J. Eysenck, Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences: The three major dimensions of personality. J. Pers. 58(1), 245\u2013261 (1990)","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"issue":"7","key":"78_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00111-3","volume":"34","author":"T Farsides","year":"2003","unstructured":"T. Farsides, R. Woodfield, Individual differences and undergraduate academic success: The roles of personality, intelligence, and application. Personal. Individ. Differ. 34(7), 1225\u20131243 (2003)","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"78_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Felicia, I. Pitt, in Games-Based Learning Advancements for Multi-Sensory Human Computer Interfaces: Techniques and Effective Practices. Profiling users in educational games (IGI Global, 2009), pp. 131\u2013156","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-360-9.ch009"},{"issue":"6","key":"78_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-013-9625-7","volume":"44","author":"S Frani\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. Frani\u0107, D. Borsboom, C.V. Dolan, D.I. Boomsma, The big five personality traits: psychological entities or statistical constructs? Behav. Genet. 44(6), 591\u2013604 (2014)","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701356987","volume":"89","author":"R Ganellen","year":"2007","unstructured":"R. Ganellen, Assessing normal and abnormal personality functioning: Strengths and weaknesses of self-report, observer, and performance-based methods. J. Pers. Assess. 89(1), 30\u201340 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"78_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1145\/2507157.2507219","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Recommender systems","author":"R Gao","year":"2013","unstructured":"R. Gao, B. Hao, S. Bai, L. Li, A. Li, T. Zhu, in Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Recommender systems. Improving user profile with personality traits predicted from social media content (2013), pp. 355\u2013358 ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024290","volume":"101","author":"LG George","year":"2011","unstructured":"L.G. George, R. Helson, O.P. John, The \u201cCEO\u201d of women's work lives: How Big Five Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Openness predict 50 years of work experiences in a changing sociocultural context. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 101(4), 812\u2013830 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"78_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.04.043","volume":"51","author":"F Ghorbani","year":"2015","unstructured":"F. Ghorbani, G.A. Montazer, E-learners\u2019 Personality Identifying Using Their Network Behaviors. Comput Hum Behav (Part A) 51, 42\u201352 (2015)","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav (Part A)"},{"key":"78_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Golbeck, C. Robles, M. Edmondson, K. Turner, Predicting personality from twitter. Proceeding of the Third International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom) (IEEE, USA, 2011), pp. 149\u2013156","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.33"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00301.x","volume":"11","author":"T Hartmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"T. Hartmann, C. Klimmt, Gender and computer games: Exploring females\u2019 dislikes. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 11(4), 910\u2013931 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009730122752","volume":"1","author":"D Heckerman","year":"1997","unstructured":"D. Heckerman, Bayesian networks for data mining. Data Min. Knowl. Disc. 1(1), 79\u2013119 (1997)","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Disc."},{"key":"78_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.03.008","volume":"110","author":"JC Huizenga","year":"2017","unstructured":"J.C. Huizenga, G.T.M. ten Dam, J.M. Voogt, W.F. Admiraal, Teacher perceptions of the value of game-based learning in secondary education. Comput. Educ. 110, 105\u2013115 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1108\/QRDE-12-2003-0009","volume":"4","author":"T Irani","year":"2003","unstructured":"T. Irani, R. Telg, C. Scherler, M. Harrington, Personality type and its relationship to distance education students' course perceptions and performance. Quarterly Review of. Distance Educ 4(4), 445\u2013453 (2003)","journal-title":"Distance Educ"},{"key":"78_CR45","volume-title":"The Big Five Inventory--Versions 4a and 54","author":"OP John","year":"1991","unstructured":"O.P. John, E.M. Donahue, R.L. Kentle, The Big Five Inventory--Versions 4a and 54 (University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research, Berkeley, 1991)"},{"key":"78_CR46","volume-title":"Psychological Types or the Psychology of Individuation","author":"CG Jung","year":"1921","unstructured":"C.G. Jung, H.G. Baynes, Psychological Types or the Psychology of Individuation (Kegan Paul Trench Trubner, London, 1921)"},{"key":"78_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44188-6_32","volume-title":"Emerging Issues in Smart Learning","author":"MA Khenissi","year":"2015","unstructured":"M.A. Khenissi, F. Essalmi, M. Jemni, T.W. Chang, in Emerging Issues in Smart Learning. Measuring learners\u2019 working memory capacity from their interactions within educational game (2015), pp. 233\u2013237"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"J.R. Landis, G.G. Koch, The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33(1), 159\u2013174 (1977)","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00100.2017","volume":"42","author":"RS Machado","year":"2018","unstructured":"R.S. Machado, I. Oliveira, I. Ferreira, B.H.S. das Neves, P.B. Mello-Carpes, The membrane potential puzzle: a new educational game to use in physiology teaching. Adv. Physiol. Educ. 42(1), 79\u201383 (2018)","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"78_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2349","volume":"30","author":"F Mairesse","year":"2007","unstructured":"F. Mairesse, M.A. Walker, M.R. Mehl, R.K. Moore, Using linguistic cues for the automatic recognition of personality in conversation and text. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 30, 457\u2013500 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"78_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1108\/10610420610712801","volume":"15","author":"K Matzler","year":"2006","unstructured":"K. Matzler, S. Bidmon, S. Grabner-Kr\u00e4uter, Individual determinants of brand affect: the role of the personality traits of extraversion and openness to experience. J. Prod. Brand. Manag. 15(7), 427\u2013434 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Prod. Brand. Manag."},{"key":"78_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.4.586","volume":"56","author":"RR McCrae","year":"1989","unstructured":"R.R. McCrae, P.T. Costa Jr., The structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins's circumplex and the five-factor model. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56, 586\u2013595 (1989)","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"78_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x","volume":"60","author":"RR McCrae","year":"1992","unstructured":"R.R. McCrae, O.P. John, An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. J. Pers. 60(2), 175\u2013215 (1992)","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"78_CR54","unstructured":"J.D. McDonald, Measuring personality constructs: The advantages and disadvantages of self-reports, informant reports and behavioural assessments. Enquire 1(1), 1\u201319 (2008)"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4018\/IJGBL.2017010103","volume":"7","author":"Bruce M. McLaren","year":"2017","unstructured":"McLaren, B. M., Adams, D. M., Mayer, R. E., & Forlizzi, J. (2017). A computer-based game that promotes mathematics learning more than a conventional approach. Int J Game Based Learn (IJGBL), 7(1), 36\u201356","journal-title":"International Journal of Game-Based Learning"},{"key":"78_CR56","volume-title":"Investigation of Expertise and Visual Balance in a Railed-Shooter game","author":"D Milam","year":"2012","unstructured":"D. Milam, L. Bartram, M. Seif El-Nasr, Investigation of Expertise and Visual Balance in a Railed-Shooter game (2012)"},{"key":"78_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1145\/2536536.2536574","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technological Ecosystem for Enhancing Multiculturality","author":"M Minovi\u0107","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. Minovi\u0107, M. Milovanovi\u0107, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technological Ecosystem for Enhancing Multiculturality. Real-time learning analytics in educational games (2013), pp. 245\u2013251 ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"78_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2005.00468.x","volume":"58","author":"MK Mount","year":"2005","unstructured":"M.K. Mount, M.R. Barrick, S.M. Scullen, J. Rounds, Higher-order dimensions of the big five personality traits and the big six vocational interest types. Pers. Psychol. 58(2), 447\u2013478 (2005)","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"78_CR59","unstructured":"I.B. Myers, M.H. McCaulley, R. Most, Manual, a guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs type indicator (Consulting Psychologists Press, UK, 1985)"},{"issue":"8","key":"78_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6718","volume":"51","author":"H Nagayama","year":"2012","unstructured":"H. Nagayama, S.I. Kubo, T. Hatano, S. Hamada, T. Maeda, T. Hasegawa, Y. Baba, Validity and reliability assessment of a Japanese version of the Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale. Int Med (Tokyo, Japan) 51(8), 865\u2013869 (2012)","journal-title":"Int Med (Tokyo, Japan)"},{"key":"78_CR61","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Gamification in education and business","author":"S Nicholson","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. Nicholson, in Gamification in education and business, ed. by T. Reiners, L. C. Wood. A RECIPE for meaningful gamification (Springer, New York, 2015), pp. 1\u201320"},{"key":"78_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040291","volume":"66","author":"WT Norman","year":"1963","unstructured":"W.T. Norman, Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 66, 574\u2013583 (1963)","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-009-9130-8","volume":"31","author":"M Okada","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Okada, T.F. Oltmanns, Comparison of three self-report measures of personality pathology. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 31(4), 358\u2013367 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"78_CR64","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 AAAI Spring Symposium on Human Behavior Modeling","author":"DO Olgu\u0131n","year":"2009","unstructured":"D.O. Olgu\u0131n, P.A. Gloor, A.S. Pentland, in Proceedings of the 2009 AAAI Spring Symposium on Human Behavior Modeling. Capturing Individual and Group Behavior with Wearable Sensors, vol 9 (2009), pp. 68\u201374"},{"key":"78_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.03.128","volume":"128","author":"M Pavalache-Ilie","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. Pavalache-Ilie, S. Cocorada, Interactions of Learners\u2019 Personality in the Online Learning Environment. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 128, 117\u2013122 (2014)","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"78_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Peever, D. Johnson, J. Gardner, in Proceedings of the 8th australasian conference on interactive entertainment: Playing the system. Personality & video game genre preferences (ACM, 2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2336727.2336747"},{"key":"78_CR67","volume-title":"Digital game-based learning","author":"M Prensky","year":"2001","unstructured":"M. Prensky, Digital game-based learning (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001)"},{"key":"78_CR68","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Handbook of Computer Game Studies","author":"M Prensky","year":"2005","unstructured":"M. Prensky, in Handbook of Computer Game Studies, ed. by J. Raessens, J. Goldstein. Computer Games and Learning: Digital Game-Based Learning (The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2005), pp. 97\u2013122"},{"key":"78_CR69","volume-title":"Don\u2019t bother me, Mom, I\u2019m learning! How computer and video games are preparing your kids for 21st century success and how you can help","author":"M Prensky","year":"2006","unstructured":"M. Prensky, Don\u2019t bother me, Mom, I\u2019m learning! How computer and video games are preparing your kids for 21st century success and how you can help (Paragon House, St. Paul, 2006)"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0304_3","volume":"3","author":"E Rich","year":"1979","unstructured":"E. Rich, User modelling via stereotypes. Cogn. Sci. 3(4), 329\u2013354 (1979)","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"78_CR71","unstructured":"Rose, R. C. (2010). Expatriate performance in overseas assignments: The role of Big Five Personality. Asian Soc. Sci., 6(9), 104\u2013113"},{"key":"78_CR72","unstructured":"R. Rouse III, Game design: Theory and practice (Jones and Bartlett Learning, USA, 2010)"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR73","first-page":"0","volume":"2","author":"ZA Samarein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Z.A. Samarein, N.S. Far, M. Yekleh, S. Tahmasebi, F. Yaryari, V. Ramezani, L. Sandi, Relationship between personality traits and internet addiction of learners at Kharazmi University. Int J Psychol Behav Res 2(1), 0\u201317 (2013)","journal-title":"Int J Psychol Behav Res"},{"key":"78_CR74","unstructured":"K. R. Scherer, H. Giles (eds.), Social markers in speech (Cambridge University Press, 1979)"},{"key":"78_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.04.048","volume":"74","author":"A Schimmenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Schimmenti, A. Infanti, D. Badoud, J. Laloyaux, J. Billieux, Schizotypal personality traits and problematic use of massively-multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Comput. Hum. Behav. 74, 286\u2013293 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"78_CR76","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Proceeding of the International Conference on Games and Learning Alliance","author":"\u00c1 Serrano-Lagunaa","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u00c1. Serrano-Lagunaa, J. Torrentea, B. Maneroa, \u00c1. del Blancoa, B. Borro-Escribanoa, I. Mart\u00ednez-Ortiza, B. Fern\u00e1ndez-Manj\u00f3na, in Proceeding of the International Conference on Games and Learning Alliance. Learning analytics and educational games: lessons learned from practical experience (2013), pp. 16\u201328"},{"key":"78_CR77","first-page":"167","volume-title":"18th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on\u00a0Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing (SNPD)","author":"M Shuto","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Shuto, H. Washizaki, K. Kakehi, Y. Fukazawa, S. Yamato, M. Okubo, B. Tenbergen, in 18th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on\u00a0Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing (SNPD). Relationship between the five factor model personality and learning effectiveness of teams in three information systems education courses (2017), pp. 167\u2013174"},{"issue":"7","key":"78_CR78","first-page":"5","volume":"3","author":"K Squire","year":"2003","unstructured":"K. Squire, H. Jenkins, Harnessing the power of games in education. Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses) 3(7), 5\u201333 (2003)","journal-title":"Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses)"},{"key":"78_CR79","unstructured":"Stansfield, J. C., Carr, B., & Goldstein, I. P. (1976). Wumpus advisor I: A first implementation of a program that tutors logical and probabilistic reasoning skills. At Lab Memo 381, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts."},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.02.023","volume":"32","author":"R Stathacopoulou","year":"2007","unstructured":"R. Stathacopoulou, M. Grigoriadou, M. Samarakou, D. Mitropoulos, Monitoring students\u2019 actions and using teachers\u2019 expertise in implementing and evaluating the neural network-based fuzzy diagnostic model. Expert Syst. Appl. 32(4), 955\u2013975 (2007)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"78_CR81","unstructured":"Statista. (2018). Which digital learning materials do you use in your classroom in a typical week?. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/658475\/us-classroom-digital-learning-materials-weekly-usage\/ . Accessed 15 May 2018."},{"key":"78_CR82","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Proceeding of the International Conference on Economics, Business Innovation","author":"W Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"W. Tan, C. Yang, in Proceeding of the International Conference on Economics, Business Innovation. Personlaity trait predicts of usage of Internet services, vol 38 (2012), pp. 185\u2013190"},{"key":"78_CR83","volume-title":"Proceedings of the FDG 2013","author":"S Tekofsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"S. Tekofsky, P. Spronck, A. Plaat, H.J. van den Herik, J. Broersen, in Proceedings of the FDG 2013. Psyops: Personality assessment through gaming behavior (2013)"},{"key":"78_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036681","volume":"83","author":"A Tellegen","year":"1974","unstructured":"A. Tellegen, G. Atkinson, Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (\"absorption\"), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 83, 268\u2013277 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"78_CR85","first-page":"1","volume-title":"5th International Conference on Information & Communication Technology and Accessibility (ICTA)","author":"A Tlili","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. Tlili, F. Essalmi, M. Jemni, in 5th International Conference on Information & Communication Technology and Accessibility (ICTA). An educational game for teaching computer architecture: Evaluation using learning analytics (2015), pp. 1\u20136"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-016-0030-6","volume":"3","author":"A Tlili","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Tlili, F. Essalmi, M. Jemni, Improving learning computer architecture through an educational mobile game. Smart Learn Environ 3(1), 7 (2016a)","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"key":"78_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.07.043","volume":"64","author":"A Tlili","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Tlili, F. Essalmi, M. Jemni, Kinshuk, N.S. Chen, Role of personality in computer based learning. Comput. Hum. Behav. 64, 805\u2013813 (2016b)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"78_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJICTE.2018040101","volume":"14","author":"A Tlili","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Tlili, F. Essalmi, M. Jemni, Kinshuk, N.S. Chen, A Complete Validated Learning Analytics Framework: Designing Issues from Data Preparation Perspective. Int J Inform Commun Technol Educ (IJICTE) 14(2), 1\u201316 (2018)","journal-title":"Int J Inform Commun Technol Educ (IJICTE)"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2330816","volume":"5","author":"A Vinciarelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"A. Vinciarelli, G. Mohammadi, A survey of personality computing. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 5(3), 273\u2013291 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"78_CR90","unstructured":"B. Walsh, The upside of being an introvert (and why extroverts are overrated) (Time Magazine, USA, 2012)"},{"key":"78_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Watson, L.A. Clark, in Handbook of personality psychology. Extraversion and its positive emotional core (Academic Press, 1997), pp. 767\u2013793","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012134645-4\/50030-5"},{"key":"78_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008297609075","volume":"8","author":"G Webb","year":"1998","unstructured":"G. Webb, Preface to UMUAI special issue on machine learning for user modeling. User Model. User-Adap. Inter. 8, 1\u20133 (1998)","journal-title":"User Model. User-Adap. Inter."},{"key":"78_CR93","volume-title":"For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business","author":"K Werbach","year":"2012","unstructured":"K. Werbach, D. Hunter, For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business (Wharton Digital Press, Philadelphia, 2012)"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2009.01453.x","volume":"59","author":"D Williams","year":"2009","unstructured":"D. Williams, M. Consalvo, S. Caplan, N. Yee, Looking for gender: Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers. J. Commun. 59(4), 700\u2013725 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"78_CR95","first-page":"694","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th international conference on artificial intelligence in education","author":"M Winter","year":"2005","unstructured":"M. Winter, C. Brooks, J. Greer, in Proceedings of the 12th international conference on artificial intelligence in education. Towards best practices for semantic web student modeling (2005), pp. 694\u2013701"},{"issue":"2","key":"78_CR96","first-page":"265","volume":"20","author":"TT Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"T.T. Wu, Y.M. Huang, A mobile game-based English vocabulary practice system based on portfolio analysis. J. Educ. Technol. Soc. 20(2), 265\u2013277 (2017)","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"78_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.772","volume":"9","author":"N Yee","year":"2006","unstructured":"N. Yee, Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology Behav 9, 772\u2013775 (2006)","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav"},{"key":"78_CR98","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th SAS User Group International Conference","author":"CH Yu","year":"2001","unstructured":"C.H. Yu, in Proceedings of the 26th SAS User Group International Conference. An introduction to computing and interpreting Cronbach Coefficient Alpha in SAS (2001), pp. 22\u201325"},{"issue":"2","key":"78_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1109\/91.493904","volume":"4","author":"LA Zadeh","year":"1996","unstructured":"L.A. Zadeh, Fuzzy logic=computing with words. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 4(2), 103\u2013111 (1996)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."}],"container-title":["Smart Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0078-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0078-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0078-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T02:48:21Z","timestamp":1775270901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/slejournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0078-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["78"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0078-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-7091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"29"}}