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Her current research interests include teachers\u2019 efficacy, teachers\u2019 training programs, and effective teaching and learning.Sooyoung Lee is an Associate Professor in the Department of Elementary Education at the Seoul National University of Education. Her current research interests include effective multimedia use in classrooms, smart learning issues in elementary education, and the development of teachers\u2019 training programs.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 information"}},{"value":"The study was conducted on Korean teachers. By the national education research policy of South Korea, the ethics committee\u2019s approval process were waived. All participants in the study were adults, they were guided about the purpose of the study before the start of the questionnaire. The In the study, data were analyzed only the with participants consents on data collections.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"3"}}