{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T08:22:05Z","timestamp":1758961325422,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Learn. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>This work seeks to help students in improving their first research reports, based on natural language processing techniques. We present a Conclusion model that includes three schemes: Goal Connectedness, Judgment and Speculation. These subsystems try to account for the main expected attributes in conclusions, specifically the Connectedness with the general objective of the research, the evidence of value Judgments, and the presence of Future work as a result of the student reflection after the inquiry. The article details the schemes, a validation of the approach in an annotated corpus, and a pilot test with undergraduate students. Results of a prior validation indicate that student writings indeed adhere to such attributes, especially at graduate level. Statistical results of the pilot test showed that undergraduate students in an experimental group achieved improved conclusion content when compared with the control group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-019-0090-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T17:03:46Z","timestamp":1572973426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of essential attributes in conclusions of student reports"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Miguel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gorrostieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"90_CR1","first-page":"67","volume":"9","author":"M Aiken","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Aiken, K. Ghosh, J. Wee, M. Vanjani, An evaluation of the accuracy of online translation systems. Commun. IIMA 9(4), 67\u201384 (2009)","journal-title":"Commun. IIMA"},{"key":"90_CR2","unstructured":"G.R. Allen, The Graduate Students\u2019 Guide to Theses and Dissertations: A Practical Manual for Writing and Research (San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Inc., 1973)"},{"issue":"4","key":"90_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.21638","volume":"23","author":"Samuel Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez, A. L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, Lexical analysis of student research drafts in computing. Computer Applications in Engineering Educcation 23(4), 638\u2013644 (2015)","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"90_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeap.2005.10.002","volume":"5","author":"J Bitchener","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. Bitchener, H. Basturkmen, Perceptions of the diculties of postgraduate l2 thesis students writing the discussion section. J. Engl. Acad. Purp. 5(1), 4\u201318 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Engl. Acad. Purp."},{"issue":"3","key":"90_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0741088316650178","volume":"33","author":"SA Crossley","year":"2016","unstructured":"S.A. Crossley, K. Muldner, D.S. McNamara, Idea generation in student writing: Computational assessments and links to successful writing. Writ. Commun. 33(3), 328\u2013354 (2016)","journal-title":"Writ. Commun."},{"key":"90_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.A. Crossley, L.K. Varner, R.D. Roscoe, D.S. McNamara, in Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Using automated indices of cohesion to evaluate an intelligent tutoring system and an automated writing evaluation system (Berlin, Springer, 2013), pp. 269\u2013278","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39112-5_28"},{"key":"90_CR7","unstructured":"J. Davis, R. Liss, Effective Academic Writing 3 (New York, Oxford University Press, 2006)"},{"issue":"4","key":"90_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.1198","volume":"24","author":"JC Debuse","year":"2008","unstructured":"J.C. Debuse, M. Lawley, R. Shibl, Educators\u2019 perceptions of automated feedback systems. Australas. J. Educ. Technol. 24(4), 374\u2013386 (2008)","journal-title":"Australas. J. Educ. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"90_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12517","volume":"48","author":"MJ Gierl","year":"2014","unstructured":"M.J. Gierl, S. Lati, H. Lai, A.P. Boulais, A. De Champlain, Automated essay scoring and the future of educational assessment in medical education. Med. Educ. 48(10), 950\u2013962 (2014)","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"90_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-S11-S10","volume":"9 Suppl 11","author":"H Kilicoglu","year":"2008","unstructured":"H. Kilicoglu, S. Bergler, Recognizing speculative language in biomedical research articles: A linguistically motivated perspective. BMC bioinformatics 9 Suppl 11(Suppl 11), S10 (2008). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-9-S11-S10","journal-title":"BMC bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"90_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"32","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"J.R. Landis, G.G. Koch, The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometric 32(1), 159\u2013174 (1977)","journal-title":"Biometric"},{"key":"90_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07221-0_47","volume-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems","author":"Yanjin Long","year":"2014","unstructured":"Y. Long, V. Aleven, in Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Gamification of joint student\/system control over problem selection in a linear equation tutor (Cham, Springer, 2014), pp. 378\u2013387"},{"issue":"1","key":"90_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/0741088309351547","volume":"27","author":"DS McNamara","year":"2010","unstructured":"D.S. McNamara, S.A. Crossley, P.M. McCarthy, Linguistic features of writing quality. Writ. Commun. 27(1), 57\u201386 (2010)","journal-title":"Writ. Commun."},{"key":"90_CR14","volume-title":"Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for an Argument Paper","author":"P.O.W Lab: Purdue Online Writing Lab","year":"2018","unstructured":"P.O.W Lab: Purdue Online Writing Lab, Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for an Argument Paper (2018) Resource document. \n                    https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/general_writing\/common_writing_assignments\/argument_papers\/conclusions.html\n                    \n                  . Accessed January 30"},{"key":"90_CR15","first-page":"3","volume":"13","author":"V Tobing","year":"2008","unstructured":"V. Tobing, M. Hamzah, S. Sura, H. Amin, Assessing the acceptability of adaptive e-learning system. Int. J. Comput., Internet Manag 13, 3 (2008)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput., Internet Manag"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"90_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-S11-S9","volume":"9 Suppl 11","author":"V Vincze","year":"2008","unstructured":"V. Vincze, G. Szarvas, R. Farkas, G. M\u00f3ra, J. Csirik, The BioScope corpus: Biomedical texts annotated for uncertainty, negation and their scopes. BMC bioinformatics 9 Suppl 11(Suppl 11), S9 (2008). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-9-S11-S9","journal-title":"BMC bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Smart Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0090-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0090-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0090-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:04:19Z","timestamp":1604448259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/slejournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0090-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["90"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0090-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7091"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2196-7091"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}