{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:13:09Z","timestamp":1778958789946,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Learn. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, an intervention engine based on learning analytics was designed and developed. The intervention engine is named the Intelligent Intervention System (In<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>S). Within the scope of this research; In<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>S system and its components have been introduced, and the system is evaluated based on learners\u2019 views. In<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>S includes three types of intervention that are instructional, supportive, and motivational intervention. The instructional intervention was structured based on assessment tasks. The supportive and motivational interventions were structured based on the learning experiences of the learners. Signal lights (red, yellow, and green) are presented to the learners for each assessment task as an instructional intervention. Supportive intervention is presented to the learners via the dashboard. In the context of motivational intervention, elements of gamification as a leader board, badges, and notifications have been used. In order to obtain the learner\u2019s views about the In<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>S, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the learners who had a previous learning experience with the system. The learning environment was evaluated based on their views. Learners had a nine-week learning experience in the e-learning environment. Then, eight students who used the system most actively and eight students who used the system most passively were selected for focus group interviews.. According to the findings, it was seen that the learners who use the intervention engine indicated that the system is useful and want to use it in the context of other courses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-019-0100-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T17:03:31Z","timestamp":1575911011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["An intervention engine design and development based on learning analytics: the intelligent intervention system (In2S)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhittin","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halil","family":"Yurdug\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"100_CR1","unstructured":"Acar, T. (2006). Sato uyar\u0131 indeksleri ile madde ve ba\u015far\u0131 analizleri. Retrieved April 09, 2018, from http:\/\/www.parantezegitim.net\/hakkimizda\/Sato-TulinACAR.pdf"},{"key":"100_CR2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Educational technology: A definition with commentary","author":"AECT","year":"2008","unstructured":"AECT. (2008). Definition. In A. Januszewski & M. Molenda (Eds.), Educational technology: A definition with commentary (pp. 1\u201314). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"100_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.08.030","volume":"58","author":"L Ali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ali, L., Hatala, M., Gasavic, D., & Jovanovic, J. (2012). A qualitative evaluation of evolution of a learning analytics tool. Computers & Education, 58, 470\u2013489.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"100_CR4","volume-title":"Intervention theory and method: A behavioral science view","author":"C Argyris","year":"1970","unstructured":"Argyris, C. (1970). Intervention theory and method: A behavioral science view. Addison Wesley: Reading, MA."},{"key":"100_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, K. E., & Pistilli, M. D. (2012). Course signals at purdue: Using learning analytics to increase student success. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on learning analytics and knowledge (pp. 267\u2013270). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2330601.2330666"},{"key":"100_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139519526.016","volume-title":"Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences","author":"R Baker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baker, R., & Siemens, G. (2014). Educational data mining and learning analytics. In K. Sawyer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (2nd ed., pp. 253\u2013274).","edition":"2"},{"key":"100_CR7","unstructured":"Brown, M., Dehoney, J., & Millichap, N. (2015). The next generation digital learning environment. A Report on Research (ELI paper). Louisville, CO: Educause April."},{"issue":"1","key":"100_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0044-3","volume":"14","author":"K Casey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casey, K., & Azcona, D. (2017). Utilizing student activity patterns to predict performance. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1), 4.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"100_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.07.015","volume":"56","author":"LH Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, L. H. (2011). Enhancement of student learning performance using personalized diagnosis and remedial learning system. Computers & Education, 56(1), 289\u2013299.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"100_CR10","first-page":"273","volume":"21","author":"SP Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi, S. P., Lam, S. S., Li, K. C., & Wong, B. T. (2018). Learning analytics at low cost: At-risk student prediction with clicker data and systematic proactive interventions. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(2), 273\u2013290.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"100_CR11","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research method: Choosing among five approaches","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research method: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"100_CR12","first-page":"58","volume":"15","author":"AL Dyckhoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dyckhoff, A. L., Zielke, D., B\u00fcltmann, M., Chatti, M. A., & Schroeder, U. (2012). Design and implementation of a learning analytics toolkit for teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 15(3), 58\u201376p.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"100_CR13","unstructured":"Elias, T. (2011). Learning analytics: definitions, process and potential. http:\/\/learninganalytics.net\/LearningAnalyticsDefinitionsProcessesPotential.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"100_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4018\/ijdet.2014100102","volume":"12","author":"A Fardinpour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardinpour, A., Pedram, M. M., & Burkle, M. (2014). Intelligent learning management systems: Definition, features and measurement of intelligence. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET), 12(4), 19\u201331.","journal-title":"International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET)"},{"issue":"5","key":"100_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2014.78","volume":"16","author":"J Fiaidhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fiaidhi, J. (2014). The next step for learning analytics. IT Professional, 16(5), 4\u20138.","journal-title":"IT Professional"},{"issue":"3","key":"100_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445504273287","volume":"29","author":"ES Geller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geller, E. S. (2005). Behavior-based safety and occupational risk management. Behavior Modification, 29(3), 539\u2013561.","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"100_CR17","volume-title":"The student activity meter for awareness and self-reflection. CHI 2012","author":"S Govaerts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Govaerts, S., Duval, E., Verbert, K., & Pardo, A. (2012). The student activity meter for awareness and self-reflection. CHI 2012. Austin, TX: ACM."},{"key":"100_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.002","volume":"36","author":"Y Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Lo, C., & Shih, S. (2014). Developing early warning systems to predict students\u2019 online learning performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 469\u2013478.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"100_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloos, C.D., Pardo, A., Mu\u00f1oz-Merino, P.J., Guti\u00e9rrez, I, Leony, D. (2013). Learning analytics @ UC3M. In 2013 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EduCon.2013.6530264"},{"issue":"2","key":"100_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.254","volume":"119","author":"AN Kluger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Pyschological Bulletin, 119(2), 254\u2013284.","journal-title":"Pyschological Bulletin"},{"key":"100_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.013","volume":"47","author":"S Lonn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lonn, S., Aguilar, S. J., & Teasley, S. D. (2015). Investigating student motivation in the context of a learning analytics intervention during a summer bridge program. Computers in Human Behavior, 47, 90\u201397.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"100_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2016.1278391","volume":"25","author":"OH Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu, O. H., Huang, J. C., Huang, A. Y., & Yang, S. J. (2017). Applying learning analytics for improving students engagement and learning outcomes in an MOOCs enabled collaborative programming course. Interactive Learning Environments, 25(2), 220\u2013234.","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"100_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.09.005","volume":"24","author":"J Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma, J., Han, X., Yang, J., & Cheng, J. (2015). Examining the necessary condition for engagement in an online learning environment based on learning analytics approach: The role of the instructor. Internet and Higher Education, 24, 26\u201334.","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"100_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKay, T., Miller, K., & Tritz, J. (2012, April). What to do with actionable intelligence: E 2 coach as an intervention engine. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 88\u201391). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2330601.2330627"},{"key":"100_CR25","unstructured":"Narciss, S., K\u00f6rndle, H., Reimann, G., & M\u00fcller, C. (2004). Feedback-seeking and feedback efficiency in web-based learning\u2013how do they relate to task and learner characteristics. In instructional design for effective and enjoyable computer-supported learning. Proceedings of the first joint meeting of the EARLI SIGs instructional design and learning and instruction with computers (pp. 377\u2013388)."},{"key":"100_CR26","volume-title":"Social research methods, 6\/E","author":"LW Neuman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neuman, L. W. (2007). Social research methods, 6\/E. Delhi: Pearson Education."},{"issue":"2","key":"100_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.17583\/qre.2015.1463","volume":"4","author":"BLL Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng, B. L. L., Liu, W. C., & Wang, J. C. (2015). A preliminary examination of teachers\u2019 and students\u2019 perspectives on autonomy-supportive instructional behaviors. Qualitative Research in Education, 4(2), 192\u2013221p.","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Education"},{"key":"100_CR28","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Learning analytics","author":"A Pardo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pardo, A., & Dawson, S. (2016). Measuring and visualizing learning in the information-rich classroom. In P. Reimann (Ed.), Learning analytics (pp. 41\u201355). UK: Routledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"100_CR29","first-page":"110","volume":"21","author":"Y Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, Y., & Jo, I. H. (2015). Development of the learning analytics dashboard to support students\u2019 learning performance. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 21(1), 110\u2013133.","journal-title":"Journal of Universal Computer Science"},{"key":"100_CR30","unstructured":"Parthasarathy M, Ananthasayanam, R., & Ravi, R. (2011). Intelligent learning management system: A conceptual framework. Indian Streams Research Journal, 1(5). ISSN:-2230-7850."},{"key":"100_CR31","unstructured":"Perakovi\u0107, D., Remenar, V., & Jovovi\u0107, I. (2011, January). LMS 2.0: Next generation of E-learning. In Third International Scientific Congress of Informational technology for e-learning\u2013ITeO 2011."},{"key":"100_CR32","volume-title":"Handbook of research on engaging digital natives in higher education settings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinheiro, M. M. (Ed.). (2016). Handbook of research on engaging digital natives in higher education settings. Hershey PA: IGI Global."},{"key":"100_CR33","first-page":"98","volume":"24","author":"E Ribbe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ribbe, E., & Bezenilla, M. J. (2013). Scaffolding learner autonomy in online university courses. Digital Education Review, 24, 98\u2013113.","journal-title":"Digital Education Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"100_CR34","first-page":"24","volume":"63","author":"W Richardson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Richardson, W. (2005). The educator\u2019s guide to the read\/write web. Educational Leadership, 63(4), 24.","journal-title":"Educational Leadership"},{"key":"100_CR35","first-page":"171","volume-title":"International conference on web-based learning","author":"N Rubens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rubens, N., Kaplan, D., & Okamoto, T. (2012, September). E-learning 3.0: Anyone, anywhere, anytime, and AI. In International conference on web-based learning (pp. 171\u2013180). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer."},{"key":"100_CR36","volume-title":"Design and development of the intervention engine based on learning analytics for e-learning environments (PhD Dissertation)","author":"M \u015eahin","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u015eahin, M. (2018). Design and development of the intervention engine based on learning analytics for e-learning environments (PhD Dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara."},{"key":"100_CR37","unstructured":"Sato, T. (1980). The SP chart and the caution index. NEC Educational Information Bulletin, 80(1)."},{"issue":"5","key":"100_CR38","first-page":"131","volume":"2","author":"Z Shabani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shabani, Z., & Eshaghian, M. (2014). Decision support system using for learning management systems personalization. American Journal of Systems and Software, 2(5), 131\u2013138.","journal-title":"American Journal of Systems and Software"},{"issue":"10","key":"100_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213498851","volume":"57","author":"G Siemens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siemens, G. (2013). Learning analytics: The emergence of a discipline. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(10), 1380\u20131400.","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"3","key":"100_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"G Siemens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siemens, G., & Gasevic, D. (2012). Guest editorial \u2013 learning and knowledge analytics. Educational Technology & Society, 15(3), 1\u20132.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"100_CR41","unstructured":"\u0160imi\u0107, G., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., & Deved\u017ei\u0107, V. (2004). Semantic web and intelligent learning management systems. In Workshop on Applications of Semantic Web Technologies for e-Learning"},{"key":"100_CR42","unstructured":"Tlili, A., Essalmi, F., Jemni, M., Chang, M. & Kinshuk, (2018). iMoodle: An intelligent moodle based on learning analytics."},{"key":"100_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzelepi, M. (2014). Personalizing learning analytics to support collaborative learning design and community building. 2014 IEEE 14th international conference on advanced learning technologies, Athens, Greece (pp. 771\u2013773).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2014.226"},{"key":"100_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983488","volume-title":"Basic content analysis (no. 49)","author":"RP Weber","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis (no. 49). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage."},{"key":"100_CR45","first-page":"294","volume":"9167","author":"F Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, F., Huang, L., & Zou, R. (2015). The design of intervention model and strategy based on the behavior data of learners: A learning analytics perspective. Hybrid Learning: Innovation in Educational Practices, 9167, 294\u2013301.","journal-title":"Hybrid Learning: Innovation in Educational Practices"},{"key":"100_CR46","volume-title":"Case study research and applications: Design and methods","author":"RK Yin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."}],"container-title":["Smart Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0100-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0100-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0100-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:22:24Z","timestamp":1607386944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/slejournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0100-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0100-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-7091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}