{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:16:08Z","timestamp":1774052168740,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"ALECSO"},{"name":"SLIBNU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Learn. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>While several studies were conducted to investigate the current state of Open Educational Resources (OER) in several regions (e.g., Europe, America, Middle East and MENA), to the best of our knowledge, no study was conducted to cover the entire Arab region, specifically the twenty-two Arab countries. Therefore, to identify the OER gap in this region and then provide recommendations to facilitate OER adoption, this study investigates the current state of OER in the Arab region, specifically in twenty-two Arab countries. The obtained results showed that the OER progress is unbalanced within the Arab countries. Interestingly, several Arab countries are still lack behind when it comes to the application of OER in universities and schools. Finally, several recommendations are identified to several stakeholders, including policy makers and educators, to achieve social justice and facilitate the adoption and use of OER in the Arab region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-020-00120-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T18:04:06Z","timestamp":1586196246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Current state of open educational resources in the Arab region: an investigation in 22 countries"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Tlili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Jemni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Koutheair","family":"Khribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronghuai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Wen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dejian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"120_CR1","volume-title":"Google: Arabic content ranks eighth on the internet","author":"Al Arabiya News","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al Arabiya News. (2013). Google: Arabic content ranks eighth on the internet. http:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/en\/media\/digital\/2013\/12\/01\/Google-Arabic-content-ranks-eighth-on-the-internet.html"},{"key":"120_CR2","unstructured":"Bossu, C., Brown, M., & Bull, D. (2013). Feasibility protocol: An instrument to assist institutional adoption of OER. University of New England Retrieved from http:\/\/dehub.edu.au\/publications\/occasional-papers."},{"key":"120_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahim, H. B., Khribi, M. K., & Jemni, M. (2017). Towards accessible open educational resources: Overview and challenges. In 2017 6th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology and Accessibility (ICTA) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTA.2017.8336068"},{"key":"120_CR4","volume-title":"REPORT MENA Regional Consultation on Open Educational Resources","author":"Commonwealth of Learning","year":"2017","unstructured":"Commonwealth of Learning. (2017). REPORT MENA Regional Consultation on Open Educational Resources. Accessed from http:\/\/rcoer.col.org\/uploads\/2\/2\/8\/4\/22841180\/mena_rcoer_report_18april.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"120_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5944\/openpraxis.10.2.825","volume":"10","author":"C Cronin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cronin, C., & MacLaren, I. (2018). Conceptualising OEP: A review of theoretical and empirical literature in open educational practices. Open praxis, 10(2), 127\u2013143.","journal-title":"Open praxis"},{"key":"120_CR6","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Open divide: Critical studies on open access","author":"B de los Arcos","year":"2018","unstructured":"de los Arcos, B., & Weller, M. (2018). A tale of two globes: Exploring the north\/south divide in engagement with open educational resources. In J. Sch\u00f6pfel & U. Herb (Eds.), Open divide: Critical studies on open access (pp. 147\u2013155). Sacremento: Library Juice Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"120_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"U-D Ehlers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ehlers, U.-D. (2011). Extending the territory: From open educational resources to open educational practices. The journal of open, flexible, and distance learning, 15(2), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"The journal of open, flexible, and distance learning"},{"key":"120_CR8","unstructured":"Feldstein, A., Martin, M., Hudson, A., Warren, K., Hilton III, J., & Wiley, D. (2012). Open textbooks and increased student access and outcomes. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 15(2)."},{"issue":"2","key":"120_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v15i2.1700","volume":"15","author":"JL Hilton III","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hilton III, J. L., Robinson, T. J., Wiley, D., & Ackerman, J. D. (2014). Cost-savings achieved in two semesters through the adoption of open educational resources. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(2), 67\u201384.","journal-title":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"issue":"5","key":"120_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.10.022","volume":"17","author":"NA Hollingshead","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hollingshead, N. A., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Stewart, J. C., & Hirsh, A. T. (2016). The pain experience of Hispanic Americans: A critical literature review and conceptual model. The Journal of Pain, 17(5), 513\u2013528.","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"key":"120_CR11","volume-title":"Understanding the impact of OER: Achievements and challenges","author":"S Hoosen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoosen, S., & Butcher, N. (2019). Understanding the impact of OER: Achievements and challenges. Moscow: UNESCO IITE."},{"key":"120_CR12","volume-title":"Guidelines for Formulating National Strategies on Smart Learning","author":"ITU","year":"2014","unstructured":"ITU. (2014). Guidelines for Formulating National Strategies on Smart Learning. Accessed from http:\/\/www.alecso.org\/nnsite\/pdf\/201611062004.pdf"},{"key":"120_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-52925-6_4","volume-title":"Open education: from OERs to MOOCs","author":"M Jemni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jemni, M., & Khribi, M. K. (2017). Toward empowering open and online education in the Arab world through OER and MOOCs. In Open education: from OERs to MOOCs (pp. 73\u2013100). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer."},{"key":"120_CR14","volume-title":"Illiteracy in the Arab region: A meta study","author":"S Magin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Magin, S. (2010). Illiteracy in the Arab region: A meta study. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gial.edu\/images\/gialens\/vol4-2\/Magin-Arab-Illiteracy.pdf"},{"key":"120_CR15","unstructured":"Miao, F., Mishra, S., Orr, D., & Janssen, B. (2019). Guidelines on the development of open educational resources policies. UNESCO Publishing."},{"key":"120_CR16","unstructured":"Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. (2009). Strategy safari: The complete guide through the wilds of strategic management. London, UK: FT Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"18","key":"120_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.3390\/su11184867","volume":"11","author":"A Tlili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tlili, A., Huang, R., Chang, T. W., Nascimbeni, F., & Burgos, D. (2019). Open educational resources and practices in China: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 11(18), 4867.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"120_CR18","volume-title":"Qingdao declaration (2015): Seize digital opportunities, lead education transformation","author":"UNESCO","year":"2015","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2015). Qingdao declaration (2015): Seize digital opportunities, lead education transformation. Paris: UNESCO Retrieved from http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0023\/002333\/233352m.pdf."},{"key":"120_CR19","volume-title":"Ljubljana OER action plan 2017","author":"UNESCO","year":"2017","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2017a). Ljubljana OER action plan 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ljubljana_oer_action_plan_2017.pdf"},{"key":"120_CR20","volume-title":"Second World OER Congress: Ljubljana OER action plan","author":"UNESCO","year":"2017","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2017b). Second World OER Congress: Ljubljana OER action plan. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ljubljana_oer_action_plan_2017.pdf"},{"key":"120_CR21","volume-title":"UNESCO recommendation on open educational resources (OER)","author":"UNESCO","year":"2019","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2019). UNESCO recommendation on open educational resources (OER). Retrieved from https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-recommendation-open-educational-resources-oer"},{"issue":"4","key":"120_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.5944\/openpraxis.7.4.227","volume":"7","author":"M Weller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weller, M., De Los Arcos, B., Farrow, R., Pitt, B., & McAndrew, P. (2015). The impact of OER on teaching and learning practice. Open Praxis, 7(4), 351\u2013361.","journal-title":"Open Praxis"},{"key":"120_CR23","volume-title":"Understanding copyright and related rights. World intellectual property organization","author":"WIPO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WIPO. (2016). Understanding copyright and related rights. World intellectual property organization. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/pubdocs\/en\/wipo_pub_909_2016.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"120_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-019-0113-2","volume":"7","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Tlili, A., Nascimbeni, F., Burgos, D., Huang, R., Chang, T. W., et al. (2020). Accessibility within open educational resources and practices for disabled learners: A systematic literature review. Smart Learning Environments, 7(1), 1.","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"}],"container-title":["Smart Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-020-00120-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40561-020-00120-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-020-00120-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T23:11:42Z","timestamp":1617664302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/slejournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40561-020-00120-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-020-00120-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-7091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}