{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:03:39Z","timestamp":1781496219947,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU18\/02338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU18\/02338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Learn. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is basic research focused on the analysis of scientific advances related to Smart Learning Environments (SLE). Our main objective is to single out the common aspects to propose a new definition which will constitute the starting point to design an innovative model which we can apply to the analysis of real cases and good practices. For this, we have proposed a qualitative methodology that has been implemented in two phases: on the one hand, a documentary analysis of the existing definitions for SLE using the NVIVO program (frequency of words, coding and cross-references) and, on the other, an expert judgement by means of the Delphi method in order to validate the proposed model. The main results are reflected in the coalescence of a new definition of SLE and the proposal of the model entitled SLE-5. With the present research, we have been able to provide a model, defined in five dimensions and other key elements in SLE such as ergonomics and learning analytics, which transcends the technological-pedagogical gap of the SLE and offers a framework for the design and analysis of didactic proposals based on this model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-021-00155-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T11:02:38Z","timestamp":1622890958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Smart learning environments: a basic research towards the definition of a practical model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0405-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Tudela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paz","family":"Prendes-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Mar\u00eda","family":"Solano-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2014.942092","volume":"22","author":"V Albino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), 3\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2014.942092.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5944\/ried.21.1.18842","volume":"21","author":"A Bartolom\u00e9-Pina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartolom\u00e9-Pina, A., Garc\u00eda-Ruiz, R., & Aguaded, I. (2018). Blended learning: panorama y perspectivas. RIED: Revista Iberoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 21(1), 33\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5944\/ried.21.1.18842.","journal-title":"RIED: Revista Iberoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia"},{"key":"155_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bdiwi, R., de Runz, C., Faiz, S., & Cherif, A. A. (2019). Smart learning environment: teacher\u2019s role in assessing classroom attention. Research in Learning Technology, 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25304\/rlt.v27.2072.","DOI":"10.25304\/rlt.v27.2072"},{"key":"155_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5584-8_30","volume":"188","author":"LF Berdnikova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berdnikova, L. F., Mikhalenok, N. O., Pavlova, S. V., Gortcevskaia, O. G., & Krivtsov, A. I. (2020). Intellectual resources in the development of smart university. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 188, 351\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-5584-8_30.","journal-title":"Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies"},{"issue":"5","key":"155_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.01.009","volume":"35","author":"LA C\u00e1rdenas-Robledo","year":"2018","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas-Robledo, L. A., & Pe\u00f1a-Ayala, A. (2018). Ubiquitous learning: a systematic review. Telematics and Informatics, 35(5), 1097\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tele.2018.01.009.","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"key":"155_CR6","first-page":"29","volume":"2","author":"LJ Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda, L. J., Guti\u00e9rrez, I., Prendes, M. P., & S\u00e1nchez, M. M. (2017). Formaci\u00f3n docente para la ense\u00f1anza en l\u00ednea en el contexto de la Formaci\u00f3n Profesional. Universitas Tarraconencsis: Revista de Ci\u00e8nces de l\u2019Educaci\u00f3, 2, 29\u201344 Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/39rv4QN.","journal-title":"Universitas Tarraconencsis: Revista de Ci\u00e8nces de l\u2019Educaci\u00f3"},{"issue":"6","key":"155_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2014.09.007","volume":"25","author":"M Coccoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coccoli, M., Guercio, A., Maresca, P., & Stanganelli, L. (2014). Smarter universities: a visi\u00f3n for the fast changing digital era. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 25(6), 1003\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvlc.2014.09.007.","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Languages and Computing"},{"issue":"8","key":"155_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.17.8.5","volume":"17","author":"F Ferri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferri, F., D\u2019Andrea, A., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2018). Distant learning: open challenges and evolution. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 17(8), 78\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26803\/ijlter.17.8.5.","journal-title":"International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-018-0076-8","volume":"5","author":"S Freigang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freigang, S., Schlenker, L., & K\u00f6hler, T. (2018). A conceptual framework for designing smart learning environments. Smart Learning Environments, 5(1), 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0076-8.","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"155_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1109\/educon.2019.8725268","volume-title":"IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference","author":"Y Gambo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gambo, Y., & Shakir, M. Z. (2019). New development and evaluation model for self-regulated smart learning environment in higher education. In A. K. Ashmawy, & S. Schreiter (Eds.), IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, (pp. 990\u2013994). New York: IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/educon.2019.8725268."},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7821\/naer.2020.7.562","volume":"9","author":"PA Garc\u00eda-Tudela","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Tudela, P. A., Prendes-Espinosa, M. P., & Solano-Fern\u00e1ndez, I. M. (2020). Smart learning environments and ergonomics: an approach to the state of the question. NAER: Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 9(2), 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7821\/naer.2020.7.562.","journal-title":"NAER: Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research"},{"key":"155_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.06.002","volume":"19","author":"J Gikas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: student perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.06.002.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"155_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giovannella, C. (2014). Smart learning eco-systems: \u201cfashion\u201d or \u201cbeef\u201d? Journal of E-Learning and Knowledge Society, 10(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20368\/1971-8829\/971.","DOI":"10.20368\/1971-8829\/971"},{"issue":"8","key":"155_CR14","first-page":"377","volume":"5","author":"D Govender","year":"2014","unstructured":"Govender, D., & Dhurup, M. (2014). Perceptions of learners of a learning management system to support teaching and learning using the difussion of innovation theory. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Publishing, 5(8), 377\u2013385 Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/32zd45S.","journal-title":"Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Publishing"},{"key":"155_CR15","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of blended learning: global perspectives, local designs","author":"CR Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham, C. R. (2006). Blended learning systems: definition, current trends, and future directions. In C. J. Bonk, & C. R. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: global perspectives, local designs, (pp. 3\u201321). San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publishing Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2YyEBTD."},{"key":"155_CR16","unstructured":"Graham, C.R., Henrie, C. & Gibbons, A. (2013). Developing models and theory for blended learning research. In A. Picciano, C. Dziuban y C. Graham (Eds.), Research perspectives in blended learning: research perspectives (pp. 13-33). London: Routledge. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2EyynMr"},{"key":"155_CR17","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2009","author":"J Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris, J., & Hofer, M. (2009). Instructional planning activity types as vehicles for curriculum-based TPACK development. In C. D. Maddux (Ed.), Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2009, (pp. 99\u2013108). Asheville: Society for Information Technology in Teacher Education Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bGVnWe."},{"key":"155_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.5220\/0006255302340241","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education \u2013 volume 1","author":"A Hasanov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasanov, A., & Laine, T. H. (2017). A survey of context-awareness in learning environments in 2010-2016. In P. Escudeiro, G. Costagliola, S. Zvacek, J. Uhomoibhi, & B. M. McLaren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education \u2013 volume 1, (pp. 234\u2013241). Portugal: Scitepress. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0006255302340241."},{"key":"155_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59454-5_2","volume-title":"Smart innovation, system and technologies","author":"C Heinemann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heinemann, C., & Uskov, V. L. (2018). Smart University: iterature review and creative analysis. In V. Uskov, J. Bakken, & J. L. Howlett (Eds.), Smart innovation, system and technologies, (pp. 11\u201346). Cham: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-59454-5_2."},{"key":"155_CR20","volume-title":"Metodolog\u00eda de la Investigaci\u00f3n (5. \u00aa Edici\u00f3n)","author":"R Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, R., Fern\u00e1ndez, C., & Baptista, P. (1991). Metodolog\u00eda de la Investigaci\u00f3n (5. \u00aa Edici\u00f3n). Mexico: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"155_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huh, K., & Lee, J. (2019). Fostering creativity and language skills of foreign language learners through SMART learning environments: evidence from fifth-grade Korean EFL learners. TESOL Journal, 11(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesj.489.","DOI":"10.1002\/tesj.489"},{"key":"155_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-014-0004-5","volume":"1","author":"GJ Hwang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hwang, G. J. (2014). Definition, framework and research issues of smart learning environments \u2013a context- aware ubiquitous learning perspective. Smart Learning Environments, 1, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-014-0004-5.","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"155_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01183.x","volume":"42","author":"GJ Hwang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hwang, G. J., & Tsai, C. C. (2011). Research trends in mobile and ubiquitous learning: a review of publications in selected journals from 2001 to 2010. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(4), E65\u2013E70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01183.x.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012021","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1511\/1\/012021","volume":"1511","author":"S Katoningish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katoningish, S., Wardhani, J. D., & Fauziah & Astuti, W. (2020). Mobile learning as a media training of reading literacy: blended learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1511(1), 012021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1511\/1\/012021.","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"155_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-018-0059-9","volume":"5","author":"ZN Khlaif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khlaif, Z. N., & Farid, S. (2018). Transforming learning for the smart learning paradigm: lessons learned from the Palestinian initiative. Smart Learning Environments, 5, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0059-9.","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"155_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, K. J., Bonk, C. J., & Oh, E. (2008). The present and future state of blended learning in workplace learning settings in the United States. Performance Improvement, 47(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pfi.20018.","DOI":"10.1002\/pfi.20018"},{"key":"155_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37285-8_18","volume-title":"Open an social technologies for networked learning","author":"T Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, T., Cho, J. Y., & Lee, B. G. (2013). Evolution to smart learning in public education: a case study of Korean Public Education. In T. Ley, M. Ruohonen, M. Laanpere, & A. Tatnall (Eds.), Open an social technologies for networked learning, (pp. 170\u2013178). Berlin: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-37285-8_18."},{"key":"155_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0108-x","volume":"26","author":"Kinshuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kinshuk, Chen, N. S., Cheng, I. L., & Chew, S. W. (2016). Evolution is not enough: revolutionizing current learning environments to smart learning environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26, 561\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-016-0108-x.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR29","first-page":"60","volume":"9","author":"MJ Koehler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60\u201370 Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/35c745Y.","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education"},{"key":"155_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koper, R. (2014). Conditions for effective smart learning environments. Smart Learning Environments, 1(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-014-0005-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-014-0005-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2013.776077","volume":"39","author":"S Kurt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kurt, S. (2014). Creating technology-enriched classrooms: implementational challenges in Turkish education. Learning, Media and Technology, 39(1), 90\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439884.2013.776077.","journal-title":"Learning, Media and Technology"},{"key":"155_CR32","unstructured":"Laxmikant, S. (2017). Smart education service model based on IoT technology. International Interdesciplinar Conference on Science Technology Engineering Management Pharmacy and Humanities Held https:\/\/bit.ly\/3iyqFRH."},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR33","first-page":"114","volume":"1","author":"S Lazar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lazar, S., & Milena, B. (2013). M-Learning: a new form of learning and education. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 1(2), 114\u2013118 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2DygOfu.","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education"},{"key":"155_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.05.075","volume":"17","author":"CU Lei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lei, C. U., Wan, K., & Man, K. L. (2013). Developing a smart learning environment in universities via cyber-physical systems. Procedia Computer Science, 17, 583\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2013.05.075.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"155_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, B., Kong, S. C., & Chen, G. (2015). Development and validation of the smart classroom inventory. Smart Learning Environments, 2(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-015-0012-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-015-0012-0"},{"key":"155_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4343-7_3","volume-title":"Smart learning in smart cities","author":"D Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, D., Huang, R., & Wosinski, M. (2017). Characteristics and framwork of smart learning. In L. Dejian, H. Ronghuai, & W. Marek (Eds.), Smart learning in smart cities, (pp. 31\u201348). Singapore: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-4343-7_3."},{"issue":"11","key":"155_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S2007-5057(14)72738-3","volume":"3","author":"G Luna-Gij\u00f3n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luna-Gij\u00f3n, G., & Porras-Hern\u00e1ndez, L. H. (2014). Validaci\u00f3n de un modelo instrucci\u00f3n centrado en el dise\u00f1o de materiales digitales de aprendizaje. Investigaci\u00f3n en Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica, 3(11), 123\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2007-5057(14)72738-3.","journal-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n en Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"155_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.6018\/riite\/2016\/258131","volume":"0","author":"F Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez, F. (2016). Sentado en el and\u00e9n. RIITE: Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda Educativa, 0, 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/riite\/2016\/258131.","journal-title":"RIITE: Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda Educativa"},{"key":"155_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maulidiya, D., Santoso, H.B. & Hasibuan, Z.A. (2019). A conceptual multi-dimensional model for smart learning environments. In 2019 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS). doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icacsis47736.2019.8979679.","DOI":"10.1109\/icacsis47736.2019.8979679"},{"issue":"4","key":"155_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5121\/ije.2017.5402","volume":"5","author":"M Montebello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montebello, M. (2017). Smart Ubiquitous learning environments. International Journal of Education, 5(4), 17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5121\/ije.2017.5402.","journal-title":"International Journal of Education"},{"key":"155_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.6018\/riite\/2018\/335131","volume":"4","author":"MP Prendes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prendes, M. P. (2018). La Tecnolog\u00eda Educativa en la Pedagog\u00eda del siglo XXI: una visi\u00f3n en 3D. RIITE: Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda Educativa, 4, 6\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/riite\/2018\/335131.","journal-title":"RIITE: Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda Educativa"},{"key":"155_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prendes, M.P., Guti\u00e9rrez, I. y Mart\u00ednez, F. (2018). Competencia digital: una necesidad del profesorado universitario en el siglo XXI. RED: Revista de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 56: 7. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/red\/56\/7","DOI":"10.6018\/red\/56\/7"},{"key":"155_CR43","unstructured":"Reguant-\u00c1lvarez, M. y Torrado-Fonseca, M. (2016). El m\u00e9todo Delphi. REIRE: Revista d\u2019Innovaci\u00f3 i Recerca en Educaci\u00f3, 9(1), 87-102. doi: http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Ixj3P6"},{"key":"155_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1145\/3396956.3398263","volume-title":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","author":"V Roblek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roblek, V., & Me\u0161ko, M. (2020). Smart city knowledge management: holistic review and the analysis of the urban knowledge management. In S. J. Eom, & J. Lee (Eds.), The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, (pp. 52\u201360). New York: Association for Computing Machinery Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/31PiudC."},{"key":"155_CR45","unstructured":"Sabariego, M., Massot, I. & Dorio, I. (2004). M\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n cualitativa. En R. Bisquerra (Ed.), Metodolog\u00eda de la investigaci\u00f3n educativa (5.\u00aa Edici\u00f3n) (pp. 285-320). Madrid: La Muralla."},{"key":"155_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salinas, J. (2012). La investigaci\u00f3n ante los desaf\u00edos de los escenarios de aprendizaje futuros. RED: Revista de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/red\/50\/13.","DOI":"10.6018\/red\/50\/13"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5944\/ried.21.1.18859","volume":"21","author":"J Salinas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salinas, J., De Benito, B., P\u00e9rez, A., & Gisbert, M. (2018). Blended Learning, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la clase presencial. RIED: Revista Iberoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 21(1), 195\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5944\/ried.21.1.18859.","journal-title":"RIED: Revista Iberoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia"},{"key":"155_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/3323771.3323813","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 7th international conference on information and education technology","author":"M Sarrab","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarrab, M. (2019). Distance, virtual, electronic, mobile and ubiquitous learning environments: taxonomy study. In ICIET (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2019 7th international conference on information and education technology, (pp. 36\u201343). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3323771.3323813."},{"key":"155_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1145\/3129757.3129767","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on electronic governance and open society: challenges in Eurasia","author":"NV Semenova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Semenova, N. V., Svyatkina, E. A., Pismak, T. G., & Polzhaeva, Z. Y. (2017). The realities of smart education in the contemporary Russian universties. In D. Trutnev (Ed.), Proceedings of the international conference on electronic governance and open society: challenges in Eurasia, (pp. 48\u201352). New York: Association for computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3129757.3129767."},{"key":"155_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itmqis.2017.8085917","volume-title":"2017 International conference \u201cquality management, transport and information security, information technologies\u201d (IT&QM&IS)","author":"OA Shvetsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shvetsova, O. A. (2017). Smart education in high school: new perspectives in global world. In 2017 International conference \u201cquality management, transport and information security, information technologies\u201d (IT&QM&IS). New York: IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/itmqis.2017.8085917."},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.17478\/jegys.698869","volume":"8","author":"K Siripongdee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siripongdee, K., Pimdee, P., & Tuntiwongwanich, S. (2020). A blended learning model with IoT-based technology: effectively used when the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientist, 8(2), 905\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17478\/jegys.698869.","journal-title":"Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-014-0002-7","volume":"1","author":"JM Spector","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spector, J. M. (2014). Conceptualizing the emerging field of smart learning environments. Smart Learning Environments, 1(1), 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-014-0002-7.","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"155_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tikhomirov, V., Dneprovskaya, N., & Yankovskaya, E. (2015). Three dimensions of smart education. Smart Education and Smart e-Learning, 47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19875-0_5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19875-0_5"},{"key":"155_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9646-6","volume":"23","author":"MA Virtanen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Virtanen, M. A., Haavisto, E., Liikanen, E., & K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen, M. (2018). Ubiquitous learning environments in higher education: a scoping literature review. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 985\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9646-6.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR55","first-page":"99","volume":"2","author":"K Wakil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wakil, K., Qaisar, N., & Mohammed, C. (2017). Enriching classrooms with technology in the basic schools. European journal of Open Education and E-Learning Studies, 2(1), 99\u2013108 Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/337ffxL.","journal-title":"European journal of Open Education and E-Learning Studies"},{"key":"155_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32523-7_64","volume":"1070","author":"B Whalley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whalley, B., France, D., Park, J., Mauchline, A., & Welsh, K. (2020). Developing active personal learning environments on smart mobile devices. Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput., 1070, 871\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32523-7_64.","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput."},{"key":"155_CR57","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Big issues in mobile learning","author":"N Winters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Winters, N. (2007). What is mobile learning? In M. Sharples (Ed.), Big issues in mobile learning, (pp. 4\u20138). England: University of Nottingham Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/3gWkOnq."},{"key":"155_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeh, Y. F., Hsu, Y. S., Wu, H. K., Hwang, F. K., & Lin, T. C. (2013). Developing and validating technological pedagogical content knowledge-practical (TPACK-practical) through the Delphi survey technique. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12078.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12078"},{"key":"155_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icmcecs47690.2020.240912","volume-title":"2020 International Conference in Mathematics, Computer Engineering and Computer Science","author":"G Yusufu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yusufu, G., & Nathan, N. (2020). A novel model of smart education for the development of smart university system. In 2020 International Conference in Mathematics, Computer Engineering and Computer Science. New York: IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icmcecs47690.2020.240912."},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1504\/ijsmarttl.2016.078159","volume":"1","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Sun, Y., & Riezebos, P. (2016). Introducing the smart education framework: core elements for successful learning in a digital world. International Journal of Smart Technology and Learning, 1(1), 53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/ijsmarttl.2016.078159.","journal-title":"International Journal of Smart Technology and Learning"},{"key":"155_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Yu, M. H., & Riezebos, P. (2016). A research framework of smart education. Smart Learning Environments, 3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-016-0026-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-016-0026-2"}],"container-title":["Smart Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00155-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00155-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00155-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T11:05:19Z","timestamp":1622891119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/slejournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00155-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00155-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-7091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}