{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T20:48:57Z","timestamp":1781729337822,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Learn. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Ethiopia, secondary school Civics and Ethical Education  has been offered to students with prime objective of producing competent and rational citizens. While policy narratives advocate constructivist pedagogy for achieving this goal of the curriculum, the reality on the ground hints that the subject is far behind achieving its stated goal. In line with this, teachers\u2019 role in implementing the curriculum cannot be understated. Teachers are policy actors who implement the official curriculum. Their classroom practice; however, is largely dependent on their pedagogical beliefs. To this end, this study aimed at examining the role of secondary school Civics and Ethical Education teachers\u2019 pedagogical beliefs in their perceived classroom practices vis-\u00e0-vis selected demographic variables. The study was conducted using  correlational  design participating 324 Civics and Ethical Education teachers from 43 government and private secondary schools in Addis Ababa city. Two-way multivariate analysis of variance and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The regression analysis revealed that teachers' pedagogical beliefs explained 45.8% of the variance in classroom practice. Teachers were also found to have strong constructivist belief, even though they do not completely reject traditional belief per se. Their constructivist practice is; however, below the expected level, suggesting the interplay of contextual factor(s) which should be further studied. The findings implied the need to redefine continuous professional programs with emphasis on reflective teaching practice and improve climate of secondary schools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-021-00171-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T12:02:41Z","timestamp":1635595361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Beyond policy narratives: exploring the role of pedagogical beliefs in classroom practices of secondary school Civics and Ethical Education teachers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Habte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Bishaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meskerem","family":"Lechissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"171_CR1","unstructured":"Addis A.G. (2013): The role of civic and ethical education in shaping students behavior: The case of holeta secondary and preparatory school Addis Ababa university school of graduate studies institute of educational research"},{"key":"171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksoy, K. (2015). What you think is not what you do in the classroom. Procedia\u2014Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 675\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.07.597"},{"key":"171_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/095006900289994","volume":"22","author":"JM Aldridge","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aldridge, J. M., Fraser, B. J., Taylor, P. C., & Chen, C. C. (2000). Constructivist learning environments in a cross- national study in Taiwan and Australia. International Journal of Science Education, 22, 37\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/095006900289994","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"issue":"181","key":"171_CR500","first-page":"77","volume":"40","author":"GO Aliusta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aliusta, G. O., \u00d6zer, B., & Kan, A. (2015). The implementation of student-centred instructional strategies in schoolsin North Cyprus. Education and Sciences, 40(181), 77\u201391.","journal-title":"Education and Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"171_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/03057240601012204","volume":"35","author":"W Althof","year":"2006","unstructured":"Althof, W., & Berkowitz, M. W. (2006). Moral education and character education: Their relationship and roles in citizenship education. Journal of Moral Education, 35(4), 495\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03057240601012204","journal-title":"Journal of Moral Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"171_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654312468619","volume":"83","author":"LM Anderson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anderson, L. M., & Stillman, J. A. (2013). Student teaching\u2019s contribution to preservice teacher development: A review of research focused on the preparation of teachers for urban and high-needs contexts. Review of Educational Research, 83(1), 3\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654312468619","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"171_CR501","first-page":"133","volume":"7","author":"Z Arseven","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arseven, Z., \u015eahin, \u015e., & K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, A. (2016). Teachers\u2019 adoption level of student centered education approach. Journalof Education and Practice, 7(9), 133\u2013144.","journal-title":"Journalof Education and Practice"},{"key":"171_CR6","first-page":"31","volume-title":"International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs","author":"PT Ashton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ashton, P. T. (2015). Historical overview and theoretical perspectives of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs. In H. Fives & M. G. Gill (Eds.), International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs (pp. 31\u201347). Routledge."},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/13636820.2014.983956","volume":"67","author":"G Bailey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bailey, G., & Colley, H. (2015). \u2018Learner-centered\u2019 assessment policies in further education: Putting teachers\u2019 time under pressure. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 67(2), 153\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13636820.2014.983956","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Education & Training"},{"key":"171_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks, J. A. (2008). Diversity, group identity, and citizenship education in a global age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129\u2013139.","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X08317501"},{"key":"171_CR9","volume-title":"Educating citizens in a multicultural society","author":"JA Banks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Banks, J. A. (2007). Educating citizens in a multicultural society (2nd ed.). Teachers College Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR10","first-page":"163","volume":"11","author":"G Ba\u015f","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ba\u015f, G., & \u015eent\u00fcrk, C. (2019). Teaching-learning conceptions and curriculum fidelity: A relational research. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 11(2), 163\u2013180.","journal-title":"International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2012.05.001","volume":"40","author":"H Basturkmen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basturkmen, H. (2012). Review of research into the correspondence between language teachers\u2019 stated beliefs and practices. System, 40(2), 282\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2012.05.001","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"171_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017754119","author":"J-L Berger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berger, J.-L., Girardet, C., Vaudroz, C., & Crahay, M. (2018). Teaching experience, teachers\u2019 beliefs, and self-reported classroom management practices: A coherent network. SAGE Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244017754119","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"171_CR13","unstructured":"Birhanu, J. G. (2012): The Role of Civics and Ethical Education in the Development of Students\u2019 behavior: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"key":"171_CR14","first-page":"75","volume-title":"The Routledge handbook of language awareness","author":"S Borg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borg, S. (2018). Teachers\u2019 beliefs and classroom practices. In P. Garrett & J. M. Cots (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of language awareness (pp. 75\u201391). Routledge."},{"key":"171_CR15","volume-title":"Teacher cognition and language education: Research and practice","author":"S Borg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borg, S. (2015). Teacher cognition and language education: Research and practice. Bloomsbury."},{"key":"171_CR502","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"TA Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"171_CR16","first-page":"66","volume-title":"International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs","author":"MM Buehl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buehl, M. M., & Beck, J. S. (2015). The relationship between teachers\u2019 beliefs and teachers\u2019 practices. In H. Fives & M. G. Gill (Eds.), International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs (pp. 66\u201382). Routledge."},{"key":"171_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2004.09.002","volume":"20","author":"KW Chan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chan, K. W., & Elliott, R. G. (2004). Relational analysis of personal epistemology and conceptions about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 817\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2004.09.002","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/13598660701268593","volume":"35","author":"K Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chan, K., Tan, J., & Khoo, A. (2007). Pre-service teachers\u2019 conceptions about teaching and learning: A closer look at Singapore cultural context. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 35(2), 181\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13598660701268593","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.380","volume":"25","author":"MMH Cheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng, M. M. H., Chan, K. W., Tang, S. Y. F., & Cheng, A. Y. N. (2009). Pre-service teacher education student\u2019 epistemological beliefs and their conceptions of teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25, 319\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.380","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collier, J. E. (2020). Applied structural equation modeling using AMOS: Basic to advanced techniques. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003018414"},{"key":"171_CR20","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (4th.ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc."},{"key":"171_CR21","first-page":"91","volume":"3","author":"I Davies","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davies, I. (2000). Implementing citizenship education: Can it be done? The School Field, XI, 3, 91\u2013110.","journal-title":"The School Field, XI"},{"key":"171_CR22","unstructured":"Dawit, L. (2006). Perception of teachers and students towards civic and ethical education and its practice in selected preparatory schools of South West Shoa Zone, Unpublished. MA thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"},{"key":"171_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilworth, P. P. (2008). Multicultural citizenship education. In J. Arthur, I. Davies, & C. Hahn (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of education for citizenship and democracy (pp. 424\u2013437). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849200486.n34"},{"issue":"2016","key":"171_CR24","first-page":"31","volume":"2","author":"B Endalcachew","year":"2016","unstructured":"Endalcachew, B. (2016). Role of civics and ethical education for the development of democratic governance in Ethiopia: Achievements and challenges. Pacific Science Review b: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2016), 31\u201336.","journal-title":"Pacific Science Review b: Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"171_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4001_7","volume":"40","author":"T Epstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Epstein, T. (2001). Racial identity and young people\u2019s perspectives on social education. Theory into Practice, 40, 42\u201347.","journal-title":"Theory into Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"171_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"T Farrell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farrell, T., & Vos, R. (2018). Exploring the principles and practices of one teacher ofL2 speaking: The importance of reflecting on practice. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 6(1), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"171_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168814541722","volume":"19","author":"TS Farrell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farrell, T. S., & Ives, J. (2015). Exploring teacher beliefs and classroom practices through reflective practice: A case study. Language Teaching Research, 19(5), 594\u2013610.","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"171_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"SCT Farrell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farrell, S. C. T., & Guz, M. (2019). \u2018If i wanted to survive i had to use it\u2019: The power of teacher beliefs on classroom practices. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, 22(4), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language"},{"key":"171_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0033688217730144","volume":"9","author":"T Farrell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farrell, T., & Yang, D. M. (2017). Exploring an EAP teacher\u2019s beliefs and practices in teaching L2 speaking: A case study. RELC Journal, 9, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033688217730144","journal-title":"RELC Journal"},{"key":"171_CR30","volume-title":"Education and training policy","author":"Federal Democratic Republic Government of Ethiopia","year":"1994","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic Government of Ethiopia. (1994). Education and training policy. St. George Printing Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR31","first-page":"27","volume":"17","author":"BD Fetene","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fetene, B. D. (2017). The role of civics and ethical education in shaping attitudes of students: The case of jimma college teachers education. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: F Political Science, 17(2), 27\u201358.","journal-title":"Global Journal of Human-Social Science: F Political Science"},{"key":"171_CR32","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using SPSS","author":"A Field","year":"2009","unstructured":"Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.","edition":"3"},{"key":"171_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732215623554","volume":"3","author":"H Fives","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fives, H., & Buehl, M. M. (2016). Teachers\u2019 beliefs, in the context of policy reform. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 114\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2372732215623554","journal-title":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"171_CR34","series-title":"Individual dif- ferences and cultural and contextual factors","first-page":"471","volume-title":"APA educational psychology handbook","author":"H Fives","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fives, H., & Buehl, M. M. (2012). Spring cleaning for the \u201cmessy\u201d construct of teachers\u2019 beliefs: What are they? Which have been examined? What can they tell us? Individual dif- ferences and cultural and contextual factorsIn K. R. Harris, S. Graham, T. Urdan, S. Graham, J. M. Royer, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), APA educational psychology handbook (Vol. 2, pp. 471\u2013499). American Psychological Association."},{"key":"171_CR504","first-page":"249","volume-title":"International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs","author":"H Fives","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fives, H., Lacatena, N., & Gerard, L. (2015). Teachers\u2019 beliefs about teaching (and learning). In H. Fives & M. G. Gill (Eds.), International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs (pp. 249\u2013265). New York: Routledge."},{"key":"171_CR35","unstructured":"Girma, A. (2006). The Implementation of Grade 8 Civic and Ethical Education: the Case of Addis Ababa city Administration. Unpublished MA Thesis, AAU."},{"issue":"4","key":"171_CR36","first-page":"16","volume":"9","author":"ST Gosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gosa, S. T. (2018). Assessment of challenges to civics and ethical education in ethiopian secondary schools. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(4), 16\u201320.","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"171_CR37","first-page":"35","volume":"26","author":"PL Guerra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guerra, P. L., & Wubbena, Z. C. (2017). Teacher beliefs and classroom practices cognitive dissonance in high stakes test-influenced environments. Issues in Teacher Education, 26(1), 35\u201351.","journal-title":"Issues in Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR38","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis (6thed)","author":"JF Hair Jr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6thed). Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"171_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2004.00378.x","volume":"25","author":"H Haste","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haste, H. (2004). Constructing the citizen. Political Psychology, 25, 413\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2004.00378.x","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"171_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10972-016-9480-5","volume":"27","author":"TL Hutner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hutner, T. L., & Markman, A. B. (2016). Proposing an operational definition of science teacher beliefs. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 27(6), 675\u2013691.","journal-title":"Journal of Science Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR41","unstructured":"Jennings, R. N. (2003). Transforming civics and citizenship education in the middle years of schooling: An exploratory of critical issues informing teachers' theories of action. Doctoral dissertation. James Cook University, Townville."},{"key":"171_CR505","first-page":"830","volume-title":"Handbook of research on science education","author":"MG Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones, M. G., & Leagon, M. (2014). Science teacher attitudes and beliefs. In N. G. Lederman & S. K. Abell (Eds.), Handbook of research on science education (Vol. II, pp. 830\u2013847). New York, NY: Routledge."},{"key":"171_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn, J. & Wertheimer, J. (2006). The limits of political efficacy: Educating citizens for democratic society. Political Science and Politics. 39(2).","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096506060471"},{"key":"171_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karim, A., Reshmin, L., Kabilan, M. K., Shahed, F. H., Rahman, M. M., Singh, M. K. (2020). Understanding EFL teachers\u2019 beliefs and practices in EFL classrooms: A phenomenological approach to the impact of teacher education program in Bangladesh. The Qualitative Report, 25(10), 3683\u20133718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46743\/2160-3715\/2020.4272","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2020.4272"},{"key":"171_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11159-008-9112-1","volume":"55","author":"Y Kaya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaya, Y. (2009). Democracy through learner-centered education. International Review of Education, 55, 21\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11159-008-9112-1","journal-title":"International Review of Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"171_CR45","first-page":"73","volume":"11","author":"D Kerr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kerr, D. (2000). Citizenship in the national curriculum (England): Issues and challenges. The School Field, 11(4), 73\u201390.","journal-title":"The School Field"},{"key":"171_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2012.08.005","volume":"29","author":"C Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, C., Kim, M., Lee, C., Spector, M., & DeMeester, K. (2013). Teacher beliefs and technology integration. Teaching and Teacher Education, 29, 76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2012.08.005","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR47","volume-title":"Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"171_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2017.1356776","volume":"46","author":"RT Knowles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knowles, R. T. (2017). Teaching who you are: Connecting teachers\u2019 civic education ideology to instructional strategies. Theory & Research in Social Education, 46(1), 68\u2013109.","journal-title":"Theory & Research in Social Education"},{"key":"171_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2018.10.009","volume":"77","author":"RT Knowles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knowles, R. T., & Castro, A. J. (2019). The implications of ideology on teachers\u2019 beliefs regarding civic education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 77, 226\u2013239.","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10972-015-9445-0","volume":"26","author":"K Lebak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lebak, K. (2015). Unpacking the complex relationship between beliefs, practice, and change related to inquiry-based instruction of one science teacher. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 26, 695\u2013713.","journal-title":"Journal of Science Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, J., Zhang, Z., Song, H., Huang, X. (2013). Effects of epistemological and pedagogical beliefs on the instructional practices of teachers: A Chines perspective. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14221\/ajte.2013v38n12.3","DOI":"10.14221\/ajte.2013v38n12.3"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12612","volume":"50","author":"J Leem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leem, J., & Sung, E. (2019). Teachers\u2019 beliefs and technology acceptance concerning smart mobile devices for SMART education in South Korea. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(2), 601\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12612","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"171_CR53","unstructured":"Levin, B.B. (2015). The development of teachers\u2019 beliefs. In H. Fives & M. G. Gill (Eds.), International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs (pp. 48\u201365). New York: NY: Routledge."},{"issue":"3","key":"171_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08878730.2013.796029","volume":"48","author":"BB Levin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levin, B. B., He, Y., & Allen, M. H. (2013). Teacher beliefs in action: A cross-sectional, longitudinal follow-up study of teachers\u2019 personal practical theories. Teacher Educator, 48(3), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08878730.2013.796029","journal-title":"Teacher Educator"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/09571736.2013.790132","volume":"41","author":"L Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, L. (2013). The complexity of language teachers\u2019 beliefs and practice: One EFL teacher\u2019s theories. The Language Learning Journal, 41(2), 175\u2013191.","journal-title":"The Language Learning Journal"},{"key":"171_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2015.07.001","volume":"41","author":"S Manganelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manganelli, S., Lucidi, F., & Alivernini, F. (2015). Italian adolescents\u2019 civic engagement and open classroom climate: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 41, 8\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2015.07.001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"171_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2012.743196","volume":"35","author":"N Mansour","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mansour, N. (2013). Consistencies and Inconsistencies between Science Teachers\u2019 Beliefs and Practices. International Journal of Science Education, 35(7), 1230\u20131275.","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"171_CR506","unstructured":"Mansy, D. L. (2014). Brain based learning: K-12 teachers' preferred methods of science instruction (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from, \nhttps:\/\/search.proquest.com\/pqdtglobal\/docview\/1650215271\/fulltextPDF\/E2A138BEE9EF4FABPQ\/1\n."},{"key":"171_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-018-9449-7","author":"L Maurissen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maurissen, L., Claes, E., & Barber, C. (2018). Deliberation in citizenship education: How the school context contributes to the development of an open classroom climate. Social Psychology of Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-018-9449-7","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"key":"171_CR59","unstructured":"Meron, T. (2006). Civic education and students of higher learning: A case in proceedings of the fourth national conference in private higher education in Ethiopia. St. Mary\u2019s University College, Addis Ababa."},{"key":"171_CR60","unstructured":"Mhlauli, M.B. (2011). Understanding the social studies teachers\u2019 experiences: conceptions of citizenship in Botswana, International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 4(3&4), 165\u2013180.http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10311\/1080"},{"key":"171_CR61","unstructured":"Ministry of Education. (2003) Teacher education system overhaul (TESO) program, policy document, Addis Ababa."},{"key":"171_CR62","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of Ethiopia. (2009). Curriculum Framework for KG-Grade 12. Addis Ababa."},{"key":"171_CR63","unstructured":"Minstry of Education. (2018). Ethiopian Education Development Roadmap: An Integrated executive summary (draft). Ministry of Education. Addis Ababa."},{"key":"171_CR64","unstructured":"Molalign M. (2012): Instructional Task Assignment and its Implementation in Civics and Ethical Education Teaching: The Case of Abyot Kirs Preparatory School in Kirkos Sub-City Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa University Office of Graduate Institute of Educational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR65","first-page":"47","volume":"16","author":"Y Mulugeta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mulugeta, Y. (2009). Building good citizenship through relevant strategies: Key remarks on the instructional process of civic and ethical education. IER Flambeau, 16(2), 47\u201369.","journal-title":"IER Flambeau"},{"issue":"4","key":"171_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/03057240.2015.1087391","volume":"44","author":"L Nucci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nucci, L., Creane, W., & Powers, D. W. (2015). Integrating moral and social development within middle school social studies: A social cognitive domain approach. Journal of Moral Education, 44(4), 479\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03057240.2015.1087391","journal-title":"Journal of Moral Education"},{"key":"171_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264068780-en","volume-title":"creating effective teaching and learning environments: First results from TALIS","author":"OECD","year":"2009","unstructured":"OECD. (2009). creating effective teaching and learning environments: First results from TALIS. OECD Publishing."},{"key":"171_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajares, M.F. (1992). Teachers\u2019 beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62, 307\u2013332.","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543062003307"},{"key":"171_CR69","unstructured":"Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS, 6th edn."},{"issue":"5","key":"171_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12179","volume":"36","author":"M Persson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Persson, M. (2015). Classroom climate and political learning: Findings from a Swedish panel study and comparative data. Political Psychology, 36(5), 587\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12179","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"171_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2009.03.002","volume":"37","author":"S Phipps","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phipps, S., & Borg, S. (2009). Exploring tensions between teachers\u2019 grammar teaching beliefs and practices. System, 37(3), 380\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2009.03.002","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"171_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2013.830097","volume":"39","author":"E Quintelier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quintelier, E., & Hooghe, M. (2013). The relationship between political participation intentions of adolescents and a participatory democratic climate at school in 35 countries. Oxford Review of Education, 39, 567\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03054985.2013.830097","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"171_CR73","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"A Riegler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riegler, A., & Quale, A. (2010). Editorial: Can radical constructivism become a mainstream endeavor? Constructivist Foundations, 6(1), 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Constructivist Foundations"},{"issue":"2021","key":"171_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2020.1032480742-051X\/","volume":"98","author":"F Reichert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reichert, F., Lange, D., & Chow, L. (2021). Educational beliefs matter for classroom instruction: A comparative analysis of teachers\u2019 beliefs about the aims of civic education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 98(2021), 103248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2020.1032480742-051X\/","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2018.09.005","volume":"77","author":"F Reichert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reichert, F., & Torney-purta, J. (2019). A cross-national comparison of teachers\u201f beliefs about the aims of civic education in 12 countries: A person-centered analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 77, 112\u2013125.","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"171_CR76","first-page":"7","volume":"12","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez, A., & Magill, K. R. (2016). Diversity, neoliberalism, and teacher education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 12(3), 7\u201323.","journal-title":"International Journal of Progressive Education"},{"key":"171_CR77","first-page":"266","volume-title":"International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs","author":"C Rubie-Davies","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rubie-Davies, C. (2015). Teachers\u2019 instructional beliefs and the classroom climate: Connections and conundrums. In H. Fives & M. G. Gill (Eds.), International handbook of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs (pp. 266\u2013283). Routledge."},{"key":"171_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1348\/978185408X393852","volume":"79","author":"J Schuitema","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schuitema, J., Veugelers, W., & Rijlaarsdam, ten Dam, G.,. (2009). Two instructional designs for dialogic citizenship education: an effect study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 439\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/978185408X393852","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2012.03.003","volume":"33","author":"T Semela","year":"2013","unstructured":"Semela, T., Bohl, T., & Kleinknecht, M. (2013). Civic education in Ethiopian schools: Adopted paradigms, instructional technology, and democratic citizenship in a multicultural context. International Journal of Educational Development, 33(2), 156\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2012.03.003","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Development"},{"key":"171_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u015eent\u00fcrk, C. & Zeybek, G. (2019). Teaching-learning conceptions and pedagogical competence perceptions of teachers\u202f: a correlational research. Research in Pedagogy, 9(1), 65\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17810\/2015.92","DOI":"10.17810\/2015.92"},{"key":"171_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6596-5_14","volume-title":"Knowing, knowledge and beliefs: Epistemological studies across diverse cultures","author":"C Sing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sing, C., & c., & Khine, M.S. (2008). Assessing the epistemological and pedagogical beliefs among pre- service teachers in Singapore. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Knowing, knowledge and beliefs: Epistemological studies across diverse cultures (pp. 287\u2013303). Springer."},{"key":"171_CR82","first-page":"13","volume-title":"International handbook of research on teacher's beliefs","author":"J Skott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skott, J. (2015). The promises, problems, and prospects of research on teachers\u2019 beliefs. In H. Fives & M. G. Gill (Eds.), International handbook of research on teacher\u2019s beliefs (pp. 13\u201330). Routledge."},{"key":"171_CR83","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.","edition":"6"},{"key":"171_CR84","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.","edition":"5"},{"key":"171_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-0355(97)90011-2","volume":"27","author":"PC Taylor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Taylor, P. C., Fraser, B. J., & Fisher, D. L. (1997). Monitoring constructivist classroom learning environments. International Journal of Educational Research, 27, 293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0883-0355(97)90011-2","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"171_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.12.014","volume":"71","author":"L Thibaut","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thibaut, L., Knipprath, H., Dehaene, W., & Depaepe, F. (2018). The influence of teachers\u2019 attitudes and school context on instructional practices in integrated STEM education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 71(1), 190\u2013205.","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR87","first-page":"43","volume":"2","author":"BI Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas, B. I., Comfort, O. O., & Adams, O. E. (2013). Teacher educators\u2019 conception of teaching and learning in teacher education institutions. International Journal of Research Studies in Education., 2(2), 43\u201352.","journal-title":"International Journal of Research Studies in Education."},{"key":"171_CR507","unstructured":"Wachob, D. A. (2012). Public school teacher knowledge, perception, and implementation of brain-based learning\npractices (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from, http:\/\/www.proquest.com\/pqdtglobal\/docview\/1240671335\/fulltextPDF\/F07FEBAA21F7443EPQ\/1."},{"key":"171_CR88","unstructured":"Waltainfo .(2017). Civics education far behind from meeting set goals: Study. April 20, Retrieved August 4, 2021, from Walta Information Center website:. https:\/\/www.waltainfo.com\/news\/national\/detail?cid=29139&locale=en&locale=en"},{"key":"171_CR508","unstructured":"Wang, P. (2016). Teachers\u2019 implementation of constructivist teaching: Does career motivation make a difference?\nTheses and Dissertations (All). 1396. http:\/\/knowledge.library.iup.edu\/etd\/1396"},{"key":"171_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10972-015-9441-4","volume":"26","author":"SS Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong, S. S., & Luft, J. A. (2015). Secondary science teachers\u2019 beliefs and persistence: A longitudinal mixed-methods study. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 26, 619\u2013645.","journal-title":"Journal of Science Teacher Education"},{"key":"171_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamada S. (2014). Domesticating Democracy? In: Williams J.H. (eds) (Re) Constructing Memory. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-6209-656-1_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6209-656-1_3"},{"issue":"2","key":"171_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168813505940","volume":"18","author":"F Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, F., & Liu, Y. (2014). A study of secondary school English teachers\u2019 beliefs in the context of curriculum reform in China. Language Teaching Research., 18(2), 187\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362168813505940","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research."}],"container-title":["Smart Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00171-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00171-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00171-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T13:04:15Z","timestamp":1635599055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/slejournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00171-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00171-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-7091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}