{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:32:35Z","timestamp":1780421555708,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/07688-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/07688-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Learn. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The flow experience (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, concentration, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness, transformation of time, and <jats:italic>autotelic<\/jats:italic> experience) is an experience highly related to the learning experience. One of the current challenges is to identify whether students are managing to achieve this experience in educational systems. The methods currently used to identify students\u2019 flow experience are based on self-reports or equipment (<jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>, eye trackers or electroencephalograms). The main problem with these methods is the high cost of the equipment and the impossibility of applying them massively. To address this challenge, we used behavior data logs produced by students during the use of a gamified educational system to predict the students\u2019 flow experience. Through a data-driven study (N = 23) using structural equation modeling, we identified possibilities to predict the students\u2019 flow experience through the speed of students\u2019 actions. With this initial study, we advance the literature, especially contributing to the field of student experience analysis, by bringing insights showing how to step towards automatic students\u2019 flow experience identification in gamified educational systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-021-00175-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1636624947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Predicting students\u2019 flow experience through behavior data in gamified educational systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilk","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamilla","family":"Ten\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-588X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juho","family":"Hamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0388-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Pastushenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1574-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiji","family":"Isotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"175_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cesari, V., Galgani, B., Gemignani, A., & Menicucci, D. (2021). Enhancing qualities of consciousness during online learning via multisensory interactions. Behavioral Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs11050057","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11050057"},{"key":"175_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106772","volume":"121","author":"N Chaku","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaku, N., Kelly, D. P., & Beltz, A. M. (2021). Individualized learning potential in stressful times: How to leverage intensive longitudinal data to inform online learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 106772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106772 (Accessed 2021 Aug 03).","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"175_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.660376","volume":"6","author":"K Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan, K., Wan, K., & King, V. (2021). Performance over enjoyment? Effect of game-based learning on learning outcome and flow experience. Frontiers in Education, 6, 185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.660376.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"175_CR4","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Journal of Leisure Research,24(1) (Accessed 2021 Aug 08 04)."},{"key":"175_CR5","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997a). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. Basic Books."},{"issue":"2","key":"175_CR8","first-page":"2","volume":"22","author":"M Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997b). Flow and education. NAMTA Journal, 22(2), 2\u201335.","journal-title":"NAMTA Journal"},{"key":"175_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Toward a psychology of optimal experience. In Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology: The Collected Works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (pp. 209\u2013226). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9088-8_14"},{"key":"175_CR9","volume-title":"Beyond boredom and anxiety","author":"M Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-Bass San Francisco."},{"key":"175_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I.S. (1988). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511621956","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511621956"},{"issue":"12","key":"175_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1145\/2500499","volume":"56","author":"V Dhar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dhar, V. (2013). Data science and prediction. Communications of the ACM, 56(12), 64\u201373.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"175_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eberle, J., & Hobrecht, J. (2021). The lonely struggle with autonomy: A case study of first-year university students\u2019 experiences during emergency online teaching. Computers in Human Behavior,121,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106804"},{"key":"175_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.09.020","volume":"91","author":"S Erhel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erhel, S., & Jamet, E. (2019). Improving instructions in educational computer games: Exploring the relations between goal specificity, flow experience and learning outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 106\u2013114.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"175_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Esteban-Millat, I., Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, F. J., Huertas-Garc\u00eda, R., Meseguer, A., & Rodr\u00edguez-Ardura, I. (2014). Modelling students\u2019 flow experiences in an online learning environment. Computers & Education,71, 111\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.09.012 (Accessed 2021 Aug 04).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.09.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39\u201350.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"175_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Groening, C., & Binnewies, C. (2019). \u201cAchievement unlocked!\u201d\u2014The impact of digital achievements as a gamification element on motivation and performance. Computers in human behavior 97, 151\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.02.026. Accessed 2021 July 30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.02.026"},{"key":"175_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair\u00a0Jr, J.F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (pp. 1\u2013307). Sage publications.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1"},{"key":"175_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallifax, S., Serna, A., Marty, J.-C., Lavou\u00e9, G., & Lavou\u00e9, E. (2019). Factors to consider for tailored gamification. In Proceedings of the annual symposium on computer\u2013human interaction in play (pp. 559\u2013572).","DOI":"10.1145\/3311350.3347167"},{"key":"175_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamari, J. (2019). Gamification. Gamification, pp. 1\u20133. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781405165518.wbeos1321.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781405165518.wbeos1321"},{"key":"175_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.048","volume":"40","author":"J Hamari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamari, J., & Koivisto, J. (2014). Measuring flow in gamification: Dispositional flow scale-2. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 133\u2013143.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"175_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.045","volume":"54","author":"J Hamari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamari, J., Shernoff, D. J., Rowe, E., Coller, B., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2016). Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 170\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.045 (Accessed 2021 Aug 04).","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"175_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In Sinkovics, R. R., & Ghauri, P. N. (Eds.) New challenges to international marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277\u2013319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014","DOI":"10.1108\/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014"},{"key":"175_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"S Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson, S., Eklund, B., & Martin, A. (2011). The flow manual the manual for the flow scales manual. sampler set. Mind, 1, 1\u201385.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"2","key":"175_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.24.2.133","volume":"24","author":"SA Jackson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The flow state scale-2 and dispositional flow scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133\u2013150.","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.18.1.17","volume":"18","author":"SA Jackson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17\u201335.","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11010022","volume":"11","author":"M Kalogiannakis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalogiannakis, M., Papadakis, S., & Zourmpakis, A.-I. (2021). Gamification in science education. A systematic review of the literature. Education Sciences, 11(1), 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci11010022 (Accessed 2021 July 28).","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"175_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2307\/2332226","volume":"30","author":"MG Kendall","year":"1938","unstructured":"Kendall, M. G. (1938). A new measure of rank correlation. Biometrika, 30(1\/2), 81\u201393.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"5","key":"175_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/08832320903449600","volume":"85","author":"BD Klein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klein, B. D., Rossin, D., Guo, Y. M., & Ro, Y. K. (2010). An examination of the effects of flow on learning in a graduate-level introductory operations management course. Journal of Education for Business, 85(5), 292\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08832320903449600 (Accessed 2021 Aug 04).","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Business"},{"key":"175_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102495","volume":"144","author":"ACT Klock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klock, A. C. T., Gasparini, I., Pimenta, M. S., & Hamari, J. (2020). Tailored gamification: A review of literature. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 144, 102495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102495 (Accessed 2021 July 28).","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"175_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kocadere, S. A., & \u00c7a\u011flar, \u015e. (2015). The design and implementation of a gamified assessment. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society,11(3) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20368\/1971-8829\/1070 (Accessed 2021 Aug 17).","DOI":"10.20368\/1971-8829\/1070"},{"key":"175_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.013","volume":"45","author":"J Koivisto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koivisto, J., & Hamari, J. (2019). The rise of motivational information systems: A review of gamification research. International Journal of Information Management, 45, 191\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.013 (Accessed 2021 July 28).","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"175_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, P.-M., Jheng, S.-Y., & Hsiao, T.-C. (2014). Towards automatically detecting whether student is in flow. In International conference on intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 11\u201318). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07221-0_2"},{"key":"175_CR32","first-page":"5","volume":"140","author":"R Likert","year":"1932","unstructured":"Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 5\u201355.","journal-title":"Archives of Psychology"},{"key":"175_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.10.005","volume":"91","author":"CE Lopez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopez, C. E., & Tucker, C. S. (2019). The effects of player type on performance: A gamification case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 333\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.10.005 (Accessed 2021 July 30).","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"175_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, W. (2019). Towards automatic flow experience identification in educational systems: A human\u2013computer interaction approach. In Extended abstracts of the annual symposium on computer\u2013human interaction in play companion extended abstracts (pp. 41\u201346).","DOI":"10.1145\/3341215.3356336"},{"issue":"02","key":"175_CR40","first-page":"29","volume":"26","author":"W Oliveira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira, W., Bittencourt, I. I., Isotani, S., Dermeval, D., Marques, L. B., & Silveira, I. F. (2018). Flow theory to promote learning in educational systems: Is it really relevant? Brazilian Journal of Computers in Education, 26(02), 29.","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Computers in Education"},{"key":"175_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, W., Pastushenko, O., Hamari, J., Isotani, S., & Hru\u0161ka, T. (2021). Modeling students\u2019 flow experience through data logs in gamified educational systems. In 2021 IEEE 21st international conference on advanced learning technologies (ICALT) (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT52272.2021.00037"},{"key":"175_CR36","unstructured":"Oliveira, W., Pastushenko, O., Rodruigues, L., Toda, A. M., Palomino, P.T., Hamari, J., & Isotani, S. (2021). Does gamification affect flow experience? a systematic literature review. In GamiFIN conference 2021: Proceedings of the 5th international GamiFIN conference (pp. 1\u201310)."},{"key":"175_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, W., Rodrigues, L., Toda, A., Palomino, P., Shi, L., & Isotani, S. (2020). Towards automatic flow experience identification in educational systems: A qualitative study. In Brazilian symposium on computers in education (Vol. 31).","DOI":"10.5753\/cbie.sbie.2020.702"},{"key":"175_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, W., Toda, A., Palomino, P., Rodrigues, L., Isotani, S., & Shi, L. (2019). Towards automatic flow experience identification in educational systems: A theory-driven approach. In Extended abstracts of the annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play companion extended abstracts (pp. 581\u2013588). ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/3341215.3356311"},{"key":"175_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, W., Toda, A., Toledo, P., Shi, L., Vassileva, J., Bittencourt, I. I., & Isotani, S. (2020). Does tailoring gamified educational systems matter? the impact on students\u2019 flow experience. In Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii international conference on system sciences (pp. 1226\u20131235).","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.152"},{"key":"175_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orji, R., Tondello, G. F., & Nacke, L. E. (2018). Personalizing persuasive strategies in gameful systems to gamification user types. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1\u201314).","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174009"},{"issue":"8","key":"175_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633118823159","volume":"57","author":"\u015e\u00c7 \u00d6zhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d6zhan, \u015e. \u00c7., & Kocadere, S. A. (2020). The effects of flow, emotional engagement, and motivation on success in a gamified online learning environment. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(8), 2006\u20132031.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"175_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panigrahi, R., Srivastava, P. R., & Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: Adoption, continuance, and learning outcome\u2014A review of literature. International Journal of Information Management,43, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005 (Accessed 2021 Aug 03).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005"},{"key":"175_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastushenko, O., Hru\u0161ka, T., & Zendulka, J. (2018). Increasing students\u2019 motivation by using virtual learning environments based on gamification mechanics: Implementation and evaluation of gamified assignments for students. In Proceedings of the sixth international conference on technological ecosystems for enhancing multiculturality (pp. 755\u2013760).","DOI":"10.1145\/3284179.3284310"},{"key":"175_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastushenko, O., Oliveira, W., Isotani, S., & Hru\u0161ka, T. (2020). A methodology for multimodal learning analytics and flow experience identification within gamified assignments. In Extended abstracts of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1\u20139).","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3383060"},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.17083\/ijsg.v4i1.151","volume":"4","author":"A Perttula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perttula, A., Kiili, K., Lindstedt, A., & Tuomi, P. (2017). Flow experience in game based learning\u2014A systematic literature review. International Journal of Serious Games, 4(1), 57\u201372.","journal-title":"International Journal of Serious Games"},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-019-09498-w","volume":"32","author":"M Sailer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sailer, M., & Homner, L. (2020). The gamification of learning: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 32(1), 77\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-019-09498-w (Accessed 2021-07-30).","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"175_CR48","unstructured":"Santos, A.C.G., Oliveira, W., Hamari, J., & Isotani, S. (2021). Do people\u2019s user types change over time? An exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 5th international GamiFIN conference, GamiFIN 2021 (pp. 1\u201310). CEUR-WS"},{"key":"175_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semerci, Y. C., & Goularas, D. (2020). Evaluation of students\u2019 flow state in an e-learning environment through activity and performance using deep learning techniques. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 0735633120979836.","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120979836"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"175_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2307\/2333709","volume":"52","author":"SS Shapiro","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3\/4), 591\u2013611.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"175_CR51","unstructured":"Sillaots, M. (2014). Achieving flow through gamification: A study on re-designing research methods courses. In 8th European conference on games based learning (Vol. 2). Berlim, Germany."},{"key":"175_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.049","volume":"64","author":"T Ten\u00f3rio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ten\u00f3rio, T., Bittencourt, I. I., Isotani, S., Pedro, A., & Ospina, P. (2016). A gamified peer assessment model for on-line learning environments in a competitive context. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 247\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.049 (Accessed 2021 July 30).","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"175_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/009365092019005001","volume":"19","author":"LK Trevino","year":"1992","unstructured":"Trevino, L. K., & Webster, J. (1992). Flow in computer-mediated communication: Electronic mail and voice mail evaluation and impacts. Communication Research, 19(5), 539\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009365092019005001 (Accessed 2021 Aug 04).","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"175_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, C.-C., & Hsu, M.-C. (2014). An exploratory study using inexpensive electroencephalography (EEG) to understand flow experience in computer-based instruction. Information & Management,51(7), 912\u2013923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2014.05.010 Accessed 2021 Aug 17.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2014.05.010"},{"key":"175_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-T., Lin, K.-Y., & Huang, T. (2021). An analysis of learners\u2019 intentions toward virtual reality online learning systems: A case study in taiwan. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii international conference on system sciences (p. 1519).","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2021.184"},{"key":"175_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Hst, M., Ohlsson, M. C., Regnell, B., & Wessln, A. (2012). Experimentation in software engineering (pp. 1\u2013259). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29044-2"},{"key":"175_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, S.-F., Lu, Y.-L., & Lien, C.-J. (2021). Detecting Students\u2019 Flow States and Their Construct Through Electroencephalogram: Reflective Flow Experiences, Balance of Challenge and Skill, and Sense of Control. Journal of Educational Computing Research,58(8), 1515\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633120944084. Accessed 2021 Aug 17","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120944084"},{"key":"175_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yen, W.-C., & Lin, H.-H. (2020). Investigating the effect of flow experience on learning performance and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in a business simulation systems context. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1734624"},{"key":"175_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zainuddin, Z., Chu, S. K. W., Shujahat, M., & Perera, C. J. (2020). The impact of gamification on learning and instruction: A systematic review of empirical evidence. Educational Research Review,30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100326"},{"key":"175_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, J., & Li, Y. (2020). Experimental study on gamification teaching of mathematics classroom practice based on flow experience (pp. 36\u201340).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSEI50228.2020.9142485.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSEI50228.2020.9142485"},{"issue":"3","key":"175_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/dsji.12240","volume":"19","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Srite, M., Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2021). Effect of team cohesion on flow: An empirical study of team-based gamification for enterprise resource planning systems in online classes. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 19(3), 173\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dsji.12240.","journal-title":"Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education"}],"container-title":["Smart Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00175-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00175-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00175-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T10:03:26Z","timestamp":1636625006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/slejournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00175-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-021-00175-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-7091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue. The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30"}}