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Yet, consumer adoption of VR technology is limited by cybersickness (CS)\u2014a debilitating sensation accompanied by a cluster of symptoms, including nausea, oculomotor issues and dizziness. A leading problem is the lack of automated objective tools to predict or detect CS in individuals, which can then be used for resistance training, timely warning systems or clinical intervention. This paper explores the spatiotemporal brain dynamics and heart rate variability involved in cybersickness and uses this information to both predict and detect CS episodes. The present study applies deep learning of EEG in a spiking neural network (SNN) architecture to predict CS prior to using VR (85.9%, F7) and detect it (76.6%, FP1, Cz). ECG-derived sympathetic heart rate variability (HRV) parameters can be used for both prediction (74.2%) and detection (72.6%) but at a lower accuracy than EEG. Multimodal data fusion of EEG and sympathetic HRV does not change this accuracy compared to ECG alone. The study found that Cz (premotor and supplementary motor cortex) and O2 (primary visual cortex) are key hubs in functionally connected networks associated with both CS events and susceptibility to CS. F7 is also suggested as a key area involved in integrating information and implementing responses to incongruent environments that induce cybersickness. Consequently, Cz, O2 and F7 are presented here as promising targets for intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-023-00192-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T13:02:04Z","timestamp":1689166924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prediction and detection of virtual reality induced cybersickness: a spiking neural network approach using spatiotemporal EEG brain data and heart rate variability"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8823-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Hui Xiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4433-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola Kirilov","family":"Kasabov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yusuf Ozgur","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"192_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2021.101728","volume":"65","author":"C Ball","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ball C, Huang K-T, Francis J (2021) Virtual reality adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic: A uses and gratifications perspective. 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