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However, it is not known if the cortical time-consuming inferential processes in which logical arguments are eventually realized in the brain are in fact physically different from other kinds of inferential processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to determine whether an electrical EEG discernible pattern of logical deduction exists or not, a new experimental paradigm is proposed contrasting logically valid and invalid inferences with exactly the same content (same premises and same relational variables) and distinct logical complexity (propositional truth-functional operators). Electroencephalographic signals from 19 subjects (24.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3\u00a0years) were acquired in a two-condition paradigm (100 trials for each condition). After the initial general analysis, a trial-by-trial approach in beta-2 band allowed to uncover not only evoked but also phase asynchronous activity between trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>showed that (i) deductive inferences with the same content evoked the same response pattern in logically valid and invalid conditions, (ii) mean response time in logically valid inferences is 61.54% higher, (iii) logically valid inferences are subjected to an early (400\u00a0ms) and a late reprocessing (600\u00a0ms) verified by two distinct beta-2 activations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009&lt;\u20090,01, Wilcoxon signed rank test).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found evidence of a subtle but measurable electrical trait of logical validity. Results put forward the hypothesis that some logically valid deductions are recursive or computational cortical events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-023-00194-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T16:01:52Z","timestamp":1686153712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electrical analysis of logical complexity: an exploratory eeg study of logically valid\/invalid deducive inference"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6316-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Salto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2427-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Alvarez-Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8577-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Poza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Hornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"194_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-017-9428-3","volume":"27","author":"TR Besold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Besold TR, Garcez AD, Stenning K, van der Torre L, van Lambalgen M (2017) Reasoning in non-probabilistic uncertainty: logic programming and neural-symbolic computing as examples. 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