{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:18:00Z","timestamp":1747736280879},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energy Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An algorithm for the non-intrusive disaggregation of energy consumption into its end-uses, also known as non-intrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM), is presented. The algorithm solves an optimisation problem where the objective is to minimise the error between the total energy consumption and the sum of the individual contributions of each appliance. The algorithm assumes that a fraction of the loads present in the household is known (e.g. washing machine, dishwasher, etc.), but it also considers unknown loads, treating them as a single load. The performance of the algorithm is then compared to that obtained by two state of the art disaggregation approaches implemented in the publicly available NILMTK framework. The first one is based on Combinatorial Optimization, the second one on a Factorial Hidden Markov Model. The results show that the proposed algorithm performs satisfactorily and it even outperforms the other algorithms from some perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-019-0089-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T14:02:59Z","timestamp":1569592979000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An optimisation-based energy disaggregation algorithm for low frequency smart meter data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rottondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Derboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Piga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Emilio","family":"Rizzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"89_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1145\/2602044.2602051","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Future Energy Systems","author":"N Batra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Batra, N, Kelly J, Parson O, Dutta H, Knottenbelt W, Rogers A, Singh A, Srivastava M (2014) Nilmtk: Anopen source toolkit for non-intrusive load monitoring In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Future Energy Systems, 265\u2013276.. ACM, Cambridge."},{"issue":"12","key":"89_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1109\/5.192069","volume":"80","author":"G Hart","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hart, G (1992) Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring. Proc IEEE 80(12):1870\u20131891.","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"issue":"3","key":"89_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2015.2476777","volume":"24","author":"D Piga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piga, D, Cominola A, Giuliani M, Castelletti A, Rizzoli A. E (2016) Sparse optimization for automated energy enduse disaggregation. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 24(3):1044\u20131051.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"89_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2011.5735484","volume":"57","author":"M Zeifman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeifman, M, Roth K (2011) Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring: Review and outlook. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 57(1):76\u201384.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Consum Electron"},{"issue":"12","key":"89_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16838","DOI":"10.3390\/s121216838","volume":"12","author":"A Zoha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zoha, A, Gluhak A, Imran M, Rajasegarar S (2012) Non-intrusive load monitoring approaches for disaggregated energy sensing: A survey. Sensors 12(12):16838\u201316866.","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Energy Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-019-0089-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42162-019-0089-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-019-0089-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T15:59:01Z","timestamp":1611417541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/energyinformatics.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42162-019-0089-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["89"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-019-0089-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-8942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-8942","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}