{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:14:59Z","timestamp":1774926899649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energy Inform"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We describe a solution for secure and verifiable handling of energy certificates. Such certificates are increasingly used to claim and prove responsible use of green energy, and there is a strong need for transparency and public verifiability. While the proposed solution is designed for handling electricity it applies to different types of energy as well and the concepts may also be applied to other domains. Transmission System Operators are trusted to record consumption and production of electricity. The movement from volume-based MWh yearly certificates to spot-market aligned hourly or 15\u00a0min time-volume based intervals, creates challenges in relation to handling large amounts of data and subsequent transactions. Small discrete intervals gives the certification increased accuracy of energy consumption, as a means to prevent greenwashing, with the cost of higher amounts of transactional data and complexity. To ensure trust in the certification, these certificates must in addition be unique and publicly verifiable. This paper describes how blockchain technology can be used to create the required transparency and public verifiability. We show how large amounts of data can be efficiently handled on blockchains and how confidential data such as the amount of used energy in the certificates can be protected, ensuring privacy and correctness of the certificates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-023-00283-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T14:02:13Z","timestamp":1697724133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Verifiable proofs for the energy supply chain: small proofs brings you a long way"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Morten","family":"Jokumsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Torben Pryds","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin Schmidt","family":"Daugaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6188-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Tschudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mikkel Wienberg","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wisbech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"283_CR1","unstructured":"Advisory PricewaterhouseCoopers (2021) Study of the environmental impact of the Tezos blockchain Life Cycle Assessment of the Tezos blockchain protocol. 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IEEE Access 10:77284\u201377322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3192837","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"283_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fcnz B, Bootle J, Boneh D, Poelstra A, Wuille P, Maxwell G (2018) Bulletproofs: short proofs for confidential transactions and more. In: 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 315\u2013334. IEEE Computer Society Press","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00020"},{"key":"283_CR5","unstructured":"Carbon Crowd (2022) Internet Computer Footprint: assessing IC Energy Consumption and Sustainability. The Internet Computer Review"},{"key":"283_CR6","unstructured":"Energinet (2023a) Energy origin. https:\/\/en.energinet.dk\/energy-data\/datahub\/energy-origin\/"},{"key":"283_CR7","unstructured":"Energinet (2023b) Project Origin. https:\/\/github.com\/project-origin\/registry"},{"key":"283_CR8","unstructured":"Energinet (2023c) Project Origin-Verifiable Eventstore. https:\/\/github.com\/project-origin\/registry\/tree\/main\/doc\/architecture\/verifiable_event_store"},{"key":"283_CR9","unstructured":"EnergyTag (2023) energytag initiative. https:\/\/energytag.org\/"},{"key":"283_CR10","unstructured":"EnergyTag (2022) Granular Certificate Scheme Standard. Technical report, EnergyTag Initiative, London, UK (March 2022). https:\/\/energytag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/20220331-EnergyTag-GC-Scheme-Standard-v1-FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"283_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiat A, Shamir A (1987) How to prove yourself: practical solutions to identification and signature problems. In: Odlyzko AM (ed) CRYPTO\u201986. LNCS, vol. 263, pp. 186\u2013194. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47721-7_12"},{"key":"283_CR12","unstructured":"For Alternative\u00a0Finance, C.C. (2023) Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index. https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/index"},{"key":"283_CR13","unstructured":"Henry de Valence, Cathie Yun, Oleg Andreev: Dalek Bulletproofs. https:\/\/github.com\/dalek-cryptography\/bulletproofs (2018)"},{"key":"283_CR14","unstructured":"Ivan Damg\u00e5rd: On $$\\Sigma$$-Protocols. https:\/\/www.cs.au.dk\/~ivan\/Sigma.pdf (2010)"},{"key":"283_CR15","unstructured":"Kai (2022) Truly green energy trades with blockchain-based certificates: A proof of concept to embed a certification system in Elia Group\u2019s consumer centric market design"},{"key":"283_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louw-Reimer J, Nielsen JLM, Bj\u00f8rn-Andersen N, Kouwenhoven N (2021) In: Lind M, Michaelides M, Ward R, Watson RT (eds) Boosting the effectiveness of containerised supply chains: a case study of tradelens, pp. 95\u2013115. Springer, Cham","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72785-7_6"},{"key":"283_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luu L, Narayanan V, Zheng C, Baweja K, Gilbert S, Saxena P (2016) A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains. pp. 17\u201330 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2976749.2978389","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"283_CR18","unstructured":"Maersk (2023) A.P. Moller\u2013Maersk and IBM to discontinue TradeLens, a blockchain-enabled global trade platform"},{"key":"283_CR19","unstructured":"Marek Palatinus, Pavol Rusnak, Aaron Voisine, Sean Bowe: Mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys. Technical Report\u00a039, Bitcoin (September 2013). https:\/\/github.com\/bitcoin\/bips\/blob\/master\/bip-0039.mediawiki"},{"key":"283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merkle RC (1988) A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function. In: Pomerance C (ed) CRYPTO\u201987. LNCS, vol. 293, pp. 369\u2013378. 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