{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:51:16Z","timestamp":1782762676815,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energy Inform"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The creation of synthetic heat pump load profiles is essential for energy system modeling and simulations. This paper proposes a methodology to create synthetic heat pump load profiles based on the k-means algorithm and a data set from water-to-water heat pumps from Hamelin, Germany. The quality of the generated load profiles is shown according to load factors, load distribution curves and the Pearson correlation coefficient, and is also applied on two exemplary geographies in Germany. We publish our work open-source and provide a web-based heat pump load profile generator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-023-00284-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T14:02:13Z","timestamp":1697724133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Generating synthetic load profiles of residential heat pumps: a k-means clustering approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Leo","family":"Semmelmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Jaquart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Weinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"284_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad SA, Ali AS, Wolfs P (2014) Identification of typical load profiles using k-means clustering algorithm. In: Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering, pp. 1\u20136. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/APWCCSE.2014.7053855"},{"key":"284_CR2","unstructured":"(BWP) MW (2023) W\u00e4rmepumpenabsatz 2022: Wachstum Von 53 Prozent Gegen\u00fcber dem Vorjahr. https:\/\/www.waermepumpe.de\/presse\/pressemitteilungen\/details\/waermepumpenabsatz-2022-wachstum-von-53-prozent-gegenueber-dem-vorjahr\/#content. Accessed 01 Feb 2023"},{"key":"284_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.06.014","volume":"58","author":"U \u00c7ak\u0131r","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131r U, \u00c7omakl\u0131 K, \u00c7omakl\u0131 \u00d6, Karsl\u0131 S (2013) An experimental exergetic comparison of four different heat pump systems working at same conditions: As air to air, air to water, water to water and water to air. Energy 58:210\u2013219","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"284_CR4","unstructured":"(DW) D (2023) How Germany plans to phase out oil and gas heating. https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/how-germany-plans-to-phase-out-oil-and-gas-heating\/a-64952051. Accessed 11 Mar 2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"284_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.3007984","volume":"11","author":"S El Kababji","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Kababji S, Srikantha P (2020) A data-driven approach for generating synthetic load patterns and usage habits. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 11(6):4984\u20134995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"key":"284_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.01.058","volume":"92","author":"D Fischer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fischer D, H\u00e4rtl A, Wille-Haussmann B (2015) Model for electric load profiles with high time resolution for german households. Energy Build 92:170\u2013179","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"284_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.04.069","volume":"124","author":"D Fischer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fischer D, Wolf T, Scherer J, Wille-Haussmann B (2016) A stochastic bottom-up model for space heating and domestic hot water load profiles for german households. Energy Build 124:120\u2013128","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"issue":"4","key":"284_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"SH Jessen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jessen SH, Ma ZG, Wijaya FD, Vasquez JC, Guerrero J, J\u00f8rgensen BN (2022) Identification of natural disaster impacted electricity load profiles with k means clustering algorithm. Energy Inform 5(4):1\u201329","journal-title":"Energy Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2020.3018936","volume":"36","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Yeo JH, Bornsheuer AL, Overbye TJ (2020) The creation and validation of load time series for synthetic electric power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 36(2):961\u2013969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"284_CR12","unstructured":"MacQueen J (1967) Classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In: 5th Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. Probability, pp. 281\u2013297. University of California Los Angeles, LA, USA"},{"key":"284_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.03.040","volume":"207","author":"F Maranghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maranghi F, Gosselin L, Raymond J, Bourbonnais M (2023) Modeling of solar-assisted ground-coupled heat pumps with or without batteries in remote high north communities. Renew Energy. 207:484\u2013498","journal-title":"Renew Energy."},{"key":"284_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.08.002","volume":"35","author":"IP Panapakidis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Panapakidis IP, Christoforidis GC (2017) Implementation of modified versions of the k-means algorithm in power load curves profiling. Sustain Cities Soc 35:83\u201393","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"284_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.03.005","volume":"61","author":"GG Pillai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pillai GG, Putrus GA, Pearsall NM (2014) Generation of synthetic benchmark electrical load profiles using publicly available load and weather data. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 61:1\u201310","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"key":"284_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinceti A, Kosut O, Sankar L (2019) Data-driven generation of synthetic load datasets preserving spatio-temporal features. In: 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), pp. 1\u20135. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM40551.2019.8973532"},{"key":"284_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.11.103","volume":"192","author":"C Protopapadaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Protopapadaki C, Saelens D (2017) Heat pump and pv impact on residential low-voltage distribution grids as a function of building and district properties. Appl Energy 192:268\u2013281","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0199-y","volume":"6","author":"O Ruhnau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruhnau O, Hirth L, Praktiknjo A (2019) Time series of heat demand and heat pump efficiency for energy system modeling. Sci Data 6(1):189","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"284_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01156-1","volume":"9","author":"M Schlemminger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schlemminger M, Ohrdes T, Schneider E, Knoop M (2022) Dataset on electrical single-family house and heat pump load profiles in Germany. Sci Data 9(1):56","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"284_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12358","volume":"181","author":"J Snoke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Snoke J, Raab GM, Nowok B, Dibben C, Slavkovic A (2018) General and specific utility measures for synthetic data. J R Stat Soc Ser A (Statistics in Society) 181(3):663\u2013688","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A (Statistics in Society)"},{"key":"284_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125695","volume":"263","author":"Z Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Z, Yang F, Min H, Tian H, Hu W, Liu J, Eghbalian N (2023) Energy management programming to reduce distribution network operating costs in the presence of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. Energy 263","journal-title":"Energy"}],"container-title":["Energy Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-023-00284-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42162-023-00284-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-023-00284-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T14:13:40Z","timestamp":1697724820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/energyinformatics.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42162-023-00284-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-023-00284-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-8942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-8942","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}