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This research delves into the electrical characteristics of PV modules, explaining the concepts of global maximum power point, and local maximum power points. By integrating maximum power point tracking algorithms and differential power processing technology, an innovative scheme for power equalization and optimization of PV modules is introduced. The scheme is based on a single-switch multi-winding forward-flyback converter. Using the STP-340-72-Vfh-type PV module as a case study, a simulation model is developed with PLECS simulation software. The simulations cover 30 different irradiance scenarios. The findings illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed PV module power optimization system in achieving maximum power output under different irradiance conditions, achieving an average efficiency of 94.61%. This efficiency rate is 13.95% greater than that of existing global maximum power tracking schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-024-00338-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1715252529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Power equalization and optimization of photovoltaic module based on forward-flyback converter"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"DaiBin","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei Lu","family":"Siaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzer Hwai Gilbert","family":"Thio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109792","volume":"124","author":"R Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed R, Sreeram V, Mishra Y, Arif MD (2020) A review and evaluation of the state-of-the-art in PV solar power forecasting: techniques and optimization. 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