{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T10:05:33Z","timestamp":1764583533622,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Informationstechnik FIT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energy Inform"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    While data sharing in a digitalized world is increasingly important, its inherent tension between data verifiability and privacy limits stakeholders\u2019 engagement. In the course of the sustainable energy transition, this tension also hinders the integration of small-scale flexibility devices in electricity grids: Grid operators must rely on verifiable data for secure operations, while device owners often seek to ensure data protection and thus privacy. Applying an Action Design Research Approach, we design and implement the Flexibility Provision Data Flow and the digital Trust Diamond that leverages wallet-based identity management for ensuring verifiability and privacy-preserving data sharing. To that end, we also derive two fundamental design principles for systems that leverage the Trust Diamond, namely\n                    <jats:italic>Verifiability through Delegation<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mediated Sovereignty<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and show their applicability for optimized grid operations. Our research further results in proposing a Decentralized Flexibility Provision Architecture that operationalizes these findings in a laboratory and field test environment. Performance tests indicate the solution\u2019s practical scalability. This study highlights the importance of Information Systems-based solutions to enhance data sharing and address trust concerns between stakeholders. Moreover, it provides an actionable design to realize wallet-based data sharing to enable a decentralized flexibility provision for Redispatch measures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-025-00603-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T10:02:44Z","timestamp":1764583364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Designing and implementing the trust diamond for verifiable and privacy-preserving data sharing: engineering energy flexibility provision"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Till","family":"Zwede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Ehaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Babel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Hee\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Schick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc-Fabian","family":"K\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Str\u00fcker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"603_CR1","unstructured":"Amprion, E-Bridge, E.ON, et\u00a0al (2024) Vorbereitung der pilotierung des komplement\u00e4ren marktbasierten engpassmanagements. https:\/\/www.transnetbw.de\/_Resources\/Persistent\/1\/f\/7\/6\/1f76f3b163788f99a6e03d95e26e1526fdbd7a67\/20240514_PKME_Abschlussbericht_final.pdfx"},{"key":"603_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Babel M, Sedlmeir J (2023) Bringing data minimization to digital wallets at scale with general-purpose zero-knowledge proofs. arXiv preprint https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2301.00823","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2301.00823"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"603_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-022-00199-3","volume":"5","author":"M Babel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babel M, Gramlich V, K\u00f6rner MF et al (2022) Enabling end-to-end digital carbon emission tracing with shielded NFTs. Energy Inform 5(Suppl 1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-022-00199-3","journal-title":"Energy Inform"},{"key":"603_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1365\/s40702-023-00955-3","volume":"60","author":"M Babel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Babel M, Gramlich V, Guthmann C et al (2023) Trust through digital identification: On ssi\u2019s contribution to the integration of decentralized oracles in information systems. HMD 60:478\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1365\/s40702-023-00955-3","journal-title":"HMD"},{"key":"603_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Babel M, Ehaus M, Hee\u00df P, et\u00a0al (2025a) Introducing the trust diamond for energy flexibility provision: On the tension of data verifiability and privacy. In: 2025 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp 1283\u20131292, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24251\/HICSS.2025.154","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2025.154"},{"key":"603_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Babel M, Guthmann C, K\u00f6rner MF, et\u00a0al (2025b) Human-centric digital product passports: Enabling verifiable information sharing for sustainable consumption through wallet-based identity management and zero-knowledge proofs. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24251\/HICSS.2025.527","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2025.527"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-025-00772-0","volume":"35","author":"M Babel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Babel M, Willburger L, Lautenschlager J et al (2025) Self-sovereign identity and digital wallets. Electron Markets 35(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00772-0","journal-title":"Electron Markets"},{"key":"603_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beer M, Meier MC, Mosig B, et\u00a0al (2014) A prototype for information-dense IT project risk reporting: an action design research approach. In: 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, pp 3657\u20133666, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HICSS.2014.456","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.456"},{"key":"603_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben-Or M, Goldreich O, Goldwasser S, et\u00a0al (1990) Everything provable is provable in zero-knowledge. In: Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO\u201988: Proceedings 8, Springer, pp 37\u201356, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/0-387-34799-2_4","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-34799-2_4"},{"key":"603_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.08.022","volume":"114","author":"V Bertsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertsch V, Hall M, Weinhardt C et al (2016) Public acceptance and preferences related to renewable energy and grid expansion policy: empirical insights for Germany. Energy 114:465\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2016.08.022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"603_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349095","volume":"12","author":"R Bochnia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bochnia R, Richter D, Anke J (2024) Self-sovereign identity for organizations: requirements for enterprise software. IEEE Access 12:7637\u20137660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349095","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"603_CR12","unstructured":"Bogensperger A, Bruckmeier A, Sprunk R, et\u00a0al (2025) Digitale identit\u00e4ten als vertrauensanker im energiesystem. 03. mehrwerte f\u00fcr die energiewirtschaftlichen anwendungsf\u00e4lle"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-022-00192-w","volume":"5","author":"J Brandt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brandt J, Frost E, Ferenz S et al (2022) Choosing the right model for unified flexibility modeling. Energy Informatics 5(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-022-00192-w","journal-title":"Energy Informatics"},{"key":"603_CR14","unstructured":"Bundesnetzagentur (2025) Redispatch. https:\/\/www.bundesnetzagentur.de\/DE\/Fachthemen\/ElektrizitaetundGas\/Versorgungssicherheit\/Netzengpassmanagement\/Engpassmanagement\/Redispatch\/start.html, accessed: 2025-10-12"},{"issue":"4","key":"603_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2307\/41409971","volume":"35","author":"F B\u00e9langer","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00e9langer F, Crossler RE (2011) Privacy in the digital age: A review of information privacy research in information systems. MIS Q 35(4):1017\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/41409971","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"16","key":"603_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167572","volume":"11","author":"G Caldarelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caldarelli G, Ellul J (2021) The blockchain oracle problem in decentralized finance-a multivocal approach. Appl Sci 11(16):7572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11167572","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"603_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2015.08.022","volume":"9","author":"S D\u00f6belt","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u00f6belt S, Jung M, Busch M (2015) Consumers\u2019 privacy concerns and implications for a privacy preserving smart grid architecture-results of an Austrian study. Energy Res Soc Sci 9:137\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2015.08.022","journal-title":"Energy Res Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2307\/258191","volume":"14","author":"KM Eisenhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eisenhardt KM (1989) Agency theory: an assessment and review. Acad Manage Rev 14(1):57\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/258191","journal-title":"Acad Manage Rev"},{"key":"603_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernstberger J, Lauinger J, Elsheimy F, et\u00a0al (2023) SoK: Data sovereignty. In: 8th European Symposium on Security and Privacy. IEEE, pp 122\u2013143, https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2023\/967","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP57164.2023.00017"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3934\/electreng.2021002","volume":"5","author":"D Faquir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faquir D, Chouliaras N, Sofia V et al (2021) Cybersecurity in smart grids, challenges and solutions. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering 5(1):24\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/electreng.2021002","journal-title":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"603_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.041","volume":"38","author":"MA Ferrag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrag MA, Maglaras LA, Janicke H et al (2018) A systematic review of data protection and privacy preservation schemes for smart grid communications. Sustain Cities Soc 38:806\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.041","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"603_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00434","author":"G Fridgen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fridgen G, H\u00e4fner L, K\u00f6nig C et al (2016) Providing utility to utilities: the value of information systems enabled flexibility in electricity consumption. J Assoc Inf Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00434","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Syst"},{"key":"603_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111913","author":"G Fridgen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fridgen G, Keller R, K\u00f6rner MF et al (2020) A holistic view on sector coupling. Energy Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111913","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"603_CR24","unstructured":"Fridgen G, Halbr\u00fcgge S, K\u00f6rner MF, et\u00a0al (2022) Artificial intelligence in energy demand response: a taxonomy of input data requirements. Wirtschaftsinformatik 2022 Proceedings https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/wi2022\/sustainable_it\/sustainable_it\/4"},{"key":"603_CR25","unstructured":"Garg S, Goel A, Jain A, et\u00a0al (2023) zksaas: Zero-knowledge snarks as a service. In: 32nd USENIX Security Symposium, https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2023\/905"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1145\/22145.2217","volume":"18","author":"S Goldwasser","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goldwasser S, Micali S, Rackoff C (1989) The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems. SIAM J Comput 18(1):186\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/22145.2217","journal-title":"SIAM J Comput"},{"key":"603_CR27","volume-title":"SSI in the energy sector: A study","author":"V Gramlich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gramlich V, K\u00f6rner MF, Michaelis A et al (2023) SSI in the energy sector: A study. Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, Elia Group"},{"key":"603_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gregor S, Chandra\u00a0Kruse L, Seidel S (2020) Research perspectives: the anatomy of a design principle. Journal of the Association for Information Systems 21(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00649","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00649"},{"key":"603_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Groth J (2016) On the size of pairing-based non-interactive arguments. In: Advances in Cryptology \u2013 EUROCRYPT 2016, LNCS, pp 305\u2013326, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-49896-5_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49896-5_11"},{"issue":"3","key":"603_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-023-00620-z","volume":"33","author":"T Guggenberger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guggenberger T, K\u00fchne D, Schlatt V et al (2023) Designing a cross-organizational identity management system: Utilizing ssi for the certification of retailer attributes. Electron Mark 33(3):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-023-00620-z","journal-title":"Electron Mark"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-024-00690-7","volume":"34","author":"P Hee\u00df","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hee\u00df P, Rockstuhl J, K\u00f6rner MF et al (2024) Enhancing trust in global supply chains: conceptualizing digital product passports for a low-carbon hydrogen market. Electron Mark 34(1):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-024-00690-7","journal-title":"Electron Mark"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-024-00464-7","volume":"8","author":"P Heess","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heess P, Holly S, K\u00f6rner MF et al (2025) A multi-agent approach with verifiable and data-sovereign information flows for decentralizing redispatch in distributed energy systems. Energy Inform 8(1):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-024-00464-7","journal-title":"Energy Inform"},{"key":"603_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herath\u00a0Pathirannehelage S, Johannsson JG, Shrestha YR, et\u00a0al (2023) Artificial intelligence-augmented decision making in supply chain monitoring: An action design research study. In: Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Decision Making in Supply Chain Monitoring: An Action Design Research Study (November 17, 2022). European Conference on Information Systems, https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/ecis2023_rp\/282","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4071519"},{"key":"603_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinterstocker M, Schott P, von Roon S (2017) Disaggregation of household load profiles. Internationale Energiewirtschaftstagung, Vienna pp 1\u201311","DOI":"10.1109\/EEM.2017.7981923"},{"key":"603_CR35","volume-title":"Congestion management: From physics to regulatory instruments","author":"L Hirth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirth L, Glismann S (2018) Congestion management: From physics to regulatory instruments. Tech. rep, Kiel, Hamburg"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720982012","volume":"8","author":"P Hummel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hummel P, Braun M, Tretter M et al (2021) Data sovereignty: A review. Big Data & Society 8(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951720982012","journal-title":"Big Data & Society"},{"key":"603_CR37","unstructured":"iden3 (2025) snarkjs. https:\/\/github.com\/iden3\/snarkjs, gitHub repository. JavaScript\/CLI toolkit for zkSNARKs. Accessed: 2025-08-24"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-019-00614-2","volume":"61","author":"M Jarke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jarke M, Otto B, Ram S (2019) Data sovereignty and data space ecosystems. Bus Inf Syst Eng 61(5):549\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-019-00614-2","journal-title":"Bus Inf Syst Eng"},{"key":"603_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.112901","volume":"164","author":"MF K\u00f6rner","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner MF, Sedlmeir J, Weibelzahl M et al (2022) Systemic risks in electricity systems: a perspective on the potential of digital technologies. Energy Policy 164:112901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.112901","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"603_CR40","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner MF, Schober M, Str\u00f6her T, et\u00a0al (2023) Digital carbon accounting for accelerating decarbonization: Characteristics of is-enabled system architectures. AMCIS 2023 Proceedings https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2023\/sig_green\/sig_green\/2"},{"key":"603_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner MF, Nolting L, Babel M, et\u00a0al (2024) A digital infrastructure for integrating decentralized asstes into redispatch. In: Bayreuther Arbeitspapiere zur Wirtschaftsinformatik, Bayreuth, Germany, pp 1\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15495\/EPub_UBT_00008184","DOI":"10.15495\/EPub_UBT_00008184"},{"key":"603_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-025-00953-3","author":"MF K\u00f6rner","year":"2025","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner MF, Leinauer C, Str\u00f6her T et al (2025) Digital measuring, reporting, and verification (dmrv) for decarbonization. Bus Inf Syst Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-025-00953-3","journal-title":"Bus Inf Syst Eng"},{"key":"603_CR43","unstructured":"Lacity M, Carmel E (2022) Implementing self-sovereign identity (ssi) for a digital staff passport at uk nhs. University of Arkansas"},{"key":"603_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01880.x","volume":"33","author":"RS Laufer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Laufer RS, Wolfe M (1977) Privacy as a concept and a social issue: a multidimensional developmental theory. J Soc Issues 33:22\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01880.x","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wene.357","volume":"8","author":"L Lind","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lind L, Cossent R, Chaves-\u00c1vila JP et al (2019) Transmission and distribution coordination in power systems with high shares of distributed energy resources providing balancing and congestion management services. WIREs Energy Environ 8(6):e357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wene.357","journal-title":"WIREs Energy Environ"},{"key":"603_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108802","volume":"146","author":"C Loschan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loschan C, Schwabeneder D, Lettner G et al (2023) Flexibility potential of aggregated electric vehicle fleets to reduce transmission congestions and redispatch needs: a case study in Austria. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 146:108802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108802","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"key":"603_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9257-3_8","author":"WH Meckling","year":"1976","unstructured":"Meckling WH, Jensen MC (1976) Theory of the firm. Managerial Behavior Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-009-9257-3_8","journal-title":"Managerial Behavior Agency Costs and Ownership Structure"},{"key":"603_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113817","volume":"191","author":"A Michaelis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Michaelis A, Hanny L, K\u00f6rner MF et al (2024) Consumer-centric electricity markets: Six design principles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 191:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113817","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"603_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2018.10.002","volume":"30","author":"A M\u00fchle","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00fchle A, Gr\u00fcner A, Gayvoronskaya T et al (2018) A survey on essential components of a self-sovereign identity. Comput Sci Rev 30:80\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosrev.2018.10.002","journal-title":"Comput Sci Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"603_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-018-0033-3","volume":"1","author":"A Nie\u00dfe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nie\u00dfe A, Ihle N, Balduin S et al (2018) Distributed ledger technology for fully automated congestion management. Energy Inform 1(Suppl 1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-018-0033-3","journal-title":"Energy Inform"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spy2.401","volume":"7","author":"B Oude Roelink","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oude Roelink B, El-Hajj M, Sarmah D (2024) Systematic review: comparing zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and bulletproof protocols for privacy-preserving authentication. Security and Privacy 7(5):e401","journal-title":"Security and Privacy"},{"issue":"4","key":"603_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.32","volume":"1","author":"Y Parag","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parag Y, Sovacool BK (2016) Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nat Energy 1(4):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nenergy.2016.32","journal-title":"Nat Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00907-w","volume":"8","author":"J Priesmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Priesmann J, Nolting L, Kockel C et al (2021) Time series of useful energy consumption patterns for energy system modeling. Sci Data 8(1):148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-021-00907-w","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"603_CR54","unstructured":"Principato M, Babel M, Guggenberger T, et\u00a0al (2023) Towards solving the blockchain trilemma: An exploration of zero-knowledge proofs. Procedings of the International Conference on Information Systems https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/icis2023\/blockchain\/blockchain\/5\/"},{"key":"603_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106781","volume":"189","author":"SC Ross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross SC, Mathieu JL (2020) A method for ensuring a load aggregator\u2019s power deviations are safe for distribution networks. Electric Power Systems Research 189:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106781","journal-title":"Electric Power Systems Research"},{"key":"603_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Samardzic N, Langowski S, Devadas S, et\u00a0al (2024) Accelerating zero-knowledge proofs through hardware-algorithm co-design. In: Proceedings of the 57th IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MICRO61859.2024.00035","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO61859.2024.00035"},{"issue":"15","key":"603_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-024-00693-4","volume":"34","author":"F von Scherenberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"von Scherenberg F, Hellmeier M, Otto B (2024) Data sovereignty in information systems. Electron Mark 34(15):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-024-00693-4","journal-title":"Electron Mark"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-021-00722-y","volume":"63","author":"J Sedlmeir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sedlmeir J, Smethurst R, Rieger A et al (2021) Digital identities and verifiable credentials. Bus Inf Syst Eng 63(5):603\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-021-00722-y","journal-title":"Bus Inf Syst Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2307\/23043488","volume":"35","author":"MK Sein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sein MK, Henfridsson O, Purao S et al (2011) Action design research. MIS Q 35(1):37\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/23043488","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"603_CR60","unstructured":"Shrestha P, Shrestha A, Adhikary B (2018) Comparative analysis of grid integration on distributed energy system. In: 5th International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology, pp 1\u20135"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-025-00779-7","volume":"35","author":"T Str\u00f6her","year":"2025","unstructured":"Str\u00f6her T, K\u00f6rner MF, Paetzold F et al (2025) Bridging carbon data\u2019s organizational boundaries: toward automated data sharing in sustainable supply chains. Electron Mark 35(1):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00779-7","journal-title":"Electron Mark"},{"key":"603_CR62","unstructured":"Tobin A, Reed D (2017) The inevitable rise of self-sovereign identity: a white paper from the sovrin foundation"},{"issue":"12","key":"603_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13114","volume":"28","author":"LN Van Wassenhove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Wassenhove LN (2019) Sustainable innovation: pushing the boundaries of traditional operations management. Prod Oper Manag 28(12):2930\u20132945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/poms.13114","journal-title":"Prod Oper Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2307\/20721413","volume":"34","author":"RT Watson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Watson RT, Boudreau MC, Chen AJ (2010) Information systems and environmentally sustainable development: Energy informatics and new directions for the is community. MIS Q 34(1):23\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/20721413","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"603_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00752","volume":"23","author":"RT Watson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watson RT, Ketter W, Recker J et al (2022) Sustainable energy transition: intermittency policy based on digital mirror actions. J Assoc Inf Syst 23(3):631\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00752","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12305","volume":"31","author":"R Zeiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeiss R, Ixmeier A, Recker J et al (2020) Mobilising information systems scholarship for a circular economy: review, synthesis, and directions for future research. Inf Syst J 31(1):148\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/isj.12305","journal-title":"Inf Syst J"}],"container-title":["Energy Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-025-00603-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42162-025-00603-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-025-00603-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1764583374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/energyinformatics.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42162-025-00603-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-025-00603-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-8942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-8942","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"143"}}