{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T19:14:56Z","timestamp":1775675696026,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energy Inform"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-026-00625-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:03:56Z","timestamp":1768287836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimal design of a photovoltaic\u2013diesel\u2013battery hybrid renewable energy system for sustainable off-grid electrification of a village in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yonas Tibebu","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Endalkachew Addis","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiter Lenin","family":"Allasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujin Jose","family":"Arul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Vasanthi","family":"Soosaimariyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"625_CR1","first-page":"1123","volume":"35","author":"M Gupta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gupta M, Sharma S, Patel R (2008) Hybrid renewable power generation system (HRPGS). Renew Energy 35(4):1123\u20131132","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"11","key":"625_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2010.10.001","volume":"84","author":"A Kornelakis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kornelakis A (2010) Multi-objective particle swarm optimization for the optimal design of photovoltaic grid-connected systems. Sol Energy 84(11):2022\u20132033","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"625_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.3390\/en11102644","volume":"11","author":"N Yimen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yimen N, Hamandjoda O, Meva\u2019a L, Ndzana B, Nganhou J (2018) Analyzing of a photovoltaic\/wind\/biogas\/pumped-hydro off-grid hybrid system for rural electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa\u2014case study of Djound\u00e9 in Northern Cameroon. Energies 11:2644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11102644","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"625_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.11.053","volume":"118","author":"O.M Roche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roche O.M., Blanchard R.E (2018) Design of a solar energy centre for providing lighting and income-generating activities for off-grid rural communities in Kenya, Renew. Ener. 118:685\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2017.11.053","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"625_CR5","first-page":"215","volume":"33","author":"J Lee","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lee J, Kim K, Park H (1994) Design and implementation of hybrid air-electricity storage system for a PV application. Sol Energy Mater Solar Cells 33:215\u2013225","journal-title":"Sol Energy Mater Solar Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"625_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(95)00010-O","volume":"54","author":"S Bhatnagar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bhatnagar S (1995) Graph theoretic modeling of standalone photovoltaic systems for rural applications. Sol Energy 54(6):403\u2013410","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"625_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.01.031","volume":"152","author":"Fina Bernadette","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernadette F, Hans A, Werner F (2020) Cost-optimal economic potential of shared rooftop PV in energy communities: Evidence from Austria. Renew Ener. 152:217\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2020.01.031","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"625_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(99)00028-6","volume":"66","author":"D Goossens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goossens D, van Kerschaever E (1999) Aeolin dust deposition on photovoltaic solar cells: the effects of wind velocity and airborne dust concentration on cell performance. Solar Ener. 66:277\u2013289.","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"625_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8111381","volume":"8","author":"N Yimen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yimen N, Tchotang T, Kanmogne A, Abdelkhalikh Idriss I, Musa B, Aliyu A, Okonkwo EC, Abba SI, Tata D, Meva\u2019a L et al (2020) Optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems\u2014a case study of a photovoltaic\/wind\/battery\/diesel system in Fanisau, Northern Nigeria. Processes 8:1381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr8111381","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"625_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2021.100260","volume":"12","author":"SI Abba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abba SI, Abdulazeez Rotimi, Musa Bashir, Yimen Nasser, Dagbasi Mustafa (2021) Emerging Harris Hawks optimization based load demand forecasting and optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems\u2013 a case study of Kano and Abuja, Nigeria. Results Eng 12:100260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2021.100260","journal-title":"Results Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"625_CR11","first-page":"907","volume":"30","author":"B Sathpathy","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sathpathy B (1989) Integration of biomass with photovoltaic systems for hybrid energy generation. Energy Conv Manag 30(9):907\u2013914","journal-title":"Energy Conv Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"625_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"65","author":"M Muselli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muselli M, Notton C, Louche A (1999) Design and optimization of photovoltaic\u2013diesel hybrid systems. Sol Energy 65(1):1\u201316","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"625_CR13","first-page":"307","volume":"22","author":"C Nayar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nayar C (2001) Optimum operation strategy and economic analysis of a photovoltaic\u2013diesel\u2013battery hybrid system. Renew Energy 22:307\u2013313","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"625_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(00)00147-3","volume":"42","author":"S Park","year":"2001","unstructured":"Park S, Oh K, Lee J (2001) Simulation and performance analysis of a PV\u2013diesel hybrid power generation system for small marine loads. Energy Conv Manag 42:1867\u20131878","journal-title":"Energy Conv Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"625_CR15","first-page":"56","volume":"11","author":"B Ali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ali B, Patel R, Kumar D (2010) Renewable energy options for off-grid power generation. Renew Energy Rev 11(2):56\u201364","journal-title":"Renew Energy Rev"},{"key":"625_CR16","volume-title":"Principles of Solar Engineering","author":"DY Goswami","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goswami DY, Kreith F, Kreider JF (2000) Principles of Solar Engineering, 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"14","key":"625_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1049\/rpg2.12266","volume":"16","author":"N Yimen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yimen N, Monkam L, Tcheukam-Toko D, Musa B, Abang R, Fombe LF, Abbasoglu S, Dagbasi M (2021) Optimal design and sensitivity analysis of distributed biomass-based hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification: case study of different photovoltaic\/wind\/battery-integrated options in Babadam, Northern Cameroon. IET Renew Power Gener 16(14):2939\u20132956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/rpg2.12266","journal-title":"IET Renew Power Gener"},{"key":"625_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.09.044","volume":"87","author":"MBT Roger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roger MBT, Th\u00e9odore T, Nasser Y (2024) Eken Ngandjui Adamou Augustin, Kom Djouwa Gwladys Ornella, integrating hydrogen into a hybrid system to meet a laboratory\u2019s electricity demand. Int J Hydrog Energy 87:736\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.09.044","journal-title":"Int J Hydrog Energy"},{"key":"625_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yimen N, Mondoue Bouodo TR, Biboum AC, Nzotcha U, Musa B, Djomi R, Sani S (2024) Techno-Economic Optimization of Hydrogen-Based Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Study of a Photovoltaic\/Wind\/Hydrogen System in Dargalla, Cameroon. Preprints 2024122206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202412.2206.v1","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202412.2206.v1"},{"key":"625_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrogen6040090","volume":"6","author":"TCV Messana M\u2019oboun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Messana M\u2019oboun TCV, Yimen N, Meli\u2019i JL, Pouth Nkoma AM, Njandjock Nouck P (2025) Techno-economic optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) and feasibility study on replacing diesel and photovoltaic systems with hydrogen for electrical and small deferrable loads: case study of Cameroon. Hydrogen 6:90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/hydrogen6040090","journal-title":"Hydrogen"},{"key":"625_CR21","unstructured":"Joseba Moreno Mendaza Master\u2019s Thesis in Energy Systems on Solar Collectors for Air Heating,Profitability Analysis, University of Gavel,2014"},{"key":"625_CR22","unstructured":"Lee et al (2008) the thickness and thermal conductivity for each layer of solar cell"},{"key":"625_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.10.005","volume":"35","author":"AB Kanase-Patil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kanase-Patil AB, Saini RP, Sharma MP (2010) Integrated renewable energy systems for off grid rural electrification of remote area. Renew Energy 35:1342\u20131349","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"625_CR24","unstructured":"Sandia (5), Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque New Mexico. PP: 1-B53"},{"issue":"16","key":"625_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164282","volume":"11","author":"OM Babatunde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babatunde OM, Munda JL, Hamam Y (2019) Selection of a hybrid renewable energy systems for a low-income household. Sustainability 11(16):4282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11164282","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"625_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q2O. M. Roche, R.E. Blanchard, Design of a solar energy centre for providing lighting and income-generating activities for off-grid rural communities in Kenya, Renewable Energy, Volume 118, 2018, Pages 685-694, ISSN 0960-1481 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2017.11.053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.11.053"}],"container-title":["Energy Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42162-026-00625-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-026-00625-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42162-026-00625-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T13:30:35Z","timestamp":1770989435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42162-026-00625-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-026-00625-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-8942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-8942","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies used only for formatting the content, grammar checking to improve the readability and language of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of generative AI"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}