{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:39:33Z","timestamp":1776825573818,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61842202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61842202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cybersecurity"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Microservice has become a dominant approach for building large-scale Internet applications. The microservice-based system (MS) consists of thousands of services, and its complex interactions make it highly susceptible to unforeseen cascading failures. Cascading failure models are commonly used to analyze the system\u2019s tolerance, while the existing models overlook MS\u2019s features and fail to incorporate real-world events, leading to bias in simulation results. To address these, we proposed a comprehensive tolerance analysis framework of MS named the MSTAF. Specifically, we extracted the real-world failure-triggering scenarios and constructed the Workload-based Cascading Failure Model (WL-CFM) to model the load initialization and redistribution. Then, we implemented the Business Loss Assessment Method (BLAM) to quantify the impact by calculating the workload loss. To validate our MSTAF, we conducted experiments on the WL-CFM and BMAL and performed an analysis on the TrainTicket (TT). The results confirm the MSTAF\u2019s superiority. Specifically, the WL-CFM outperforms baselines, reducing simulation error by 10\u2013 48%. The BMAL demonstrates greater accuracy, with deviations from the ground truth ranging from\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$-45$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                            <mml:mn>45<\/mml:mn>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    % to + 7%. Overall, the MSTAF offers valuable insights for enhancing tolerance and provides an effective solution for developers and researchers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42400-025-00399-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:01:41Z","timestamp":1776823301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A tolerance analysis framework for microservice-based systems against cascading failures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaizong","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinfa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shichao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"399_CR1","unstructured":"2024 Secure Cloud Networking Field Report \u2014 resources.aviatrix.com. https:\/\/resources.aviatrix.com\/cloud-networking\/2024-secure-cloud-networking-field-report"},{"key":"399_CR2","unstructured":"abstract of incidents\u2014aws.amazon.com. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/cn\/premiumsupport\/technology\/pes\/"},{"key":"399_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111014","volume":"180","author":"IK Aksakalli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aksakalli IK, \u00c7elik T, Can AB, Tekinerdo\u011fan B (2021) Deployment and communication patterns in microservice architectures: a systematic literature review. J Syst Softw 180:111014","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"key":"399_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arellanes D (2017) D-xman: a platform for total compositionality in service-oriented architectures. In: 2017 IEEE 7th international symposium on cloud and service computing (SC2), pp. 283\u2013286. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SC2.2017.55"},{"key":"399_CR5","unstructured":"AWS: Auto Scaling Documentation. https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/autoscaling\/"},{"key":"399_CR6","unstructured":"Azure status history | Microsoft Azure\u2014status.azure.com. https:\/\/status.azure.com\/en-us\/status\/history\/"},{"key":"399_CR7","unstructured":"Azure: Virtual Machines (VMs) for Linux and Windows | Microsoft Azure\u2014azure.microsoft.com. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/products\/virtual-machines\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"399_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.83.051127","volume":"83","author":"A Bashan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bashan A, Parshani R, Havlin S (2011) Percolation in networks composed of connectivity and dependency links. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys 83(5):051127","journal-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys"},{"key":"399_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman D, Butts J (2012) Towards characterization of cyber attacks on industrial control systems: emulating field devices using gumstix technology. In: 2012 5th international symposium on resilient control systems, pp. 63\u201368. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRCS.2012.6309294"},{"issue":"7291","key":"399_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08932","volume":"464","author":"SV Buldyrev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buldyrev SV, Parshani R, Paul G, Stanley HE, Havlin S (2010) Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks. Nature 464(7291):1025\u20131028","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"204","key":"399_CR11","first-page":"800","volume":"800","author":"R Chandramouli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandramouli R (2019) Microservices-based application systems. NIST Spec Publ 800(204):800\u2013204","journal-title":"NIST Spec Publ"},{"issue":"1","key":"399_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-023-00398-7","volume":"12","author":"L-Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L-Z, Wu J, Yang H-Y, Zhang K (2023) A microservice regression testing selection approach based on belief propagation. J Cloud Comput 12(1):20","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"399_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-024-00666-0","volume":"13","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhang R, Chen P, Ren J, Wu Z, Wang Y, Li X, Xiong L (2024) Mtg_cd: multi-scale learnable transformation graph for fault classification and diagnosis in microservices. J Cloud Comput 13(1):103","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"key":"399_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotroneo D, De\u00a0Simone L, Liguori P, Natella R, Bidokhti N (2019) How bad can a bug get? an empirical analysis of software failures in the openstack cloud computing platform. In: Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM joint meeting on European software engineering conference and symposium on the foundations of software engineering, pp. 200\u2013211","DOI":"10.1145\/3338906.3338916"},{"key":"399_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De\u00a0Lauretis L (2019) From monolithic architecture to microservices architecture. In: 2019 IEEE International symposium on software reliability engineering workshops (ISSREW), pp. 93\u201396. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSREW.2019.00050"},{"issue":"1","key":"399_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.85.016112","volume":"85","author":"G Dong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dong G, Gao J, Tian L, Du R, He Y (2012) Percolation of partially interdependent networks under targeted attack. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys 85(1):016112","journal-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys"},{"key":"399_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eder C, Winzinger S Lichtenth\u00e4ler R (2023) A comparison of distributed tracing tools in serverless applications. In: 2023 IEEE International conference on service-oriented system engineering (SOSE), pp. 98\u2013105. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SOSE58276.2023.00018"},{"issue":"8","key":"399_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3128037","volume":"33","author":"K Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu K, Zhang W, Chen Q, Zeng D, Guo M (2021) Adaptive resource efficient microservice deployment in cloud-edge continuum. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 33(8):1825\u20131840","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"399_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3579847","volume":"23","author":"X Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu X, Pace P, Aloi G, Guerrieri A, Li W, Fortino G (2023) Tolerance analysis of cyber-manufacturing systems to cascading failures. ACM Trans Internet Technol 23(4):1\u201323","journal-title":"ACM Trans Internet Technol"},{"key":"399_CR20","unstructured":"Google Cloud Service Health\u2014status.cloud.google.com. https:\/\/status.cloud.google.com\/summary"},{"key":"399_CR21","unstructured":"Google: Load balancing and scaling | Compute Engine Documentation | Google Cloud\u2014 cloud.google.com. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/compute\/docs\/load-balancing-and-autoscaling"},{"key":"399_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.206","volume":"80","author":"H Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo H, Zheng C, Iu HH-C, Fernando T (2017) A critical review of cascading failure analysis and modeling of power system. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80:9\u201322","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"399_CR23","unstructured":"historyEvent. https:\/\/status.aliyun.com\/#\/historyEvent"},{"key":"399_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong S et al (2016) Cascading failure analysis and restoration strategy in an interdependent network. J Phys A Math Theor","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/49\/19\/195101"},{"issue":"6","key":"399_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.84.066116","volume":"84","author":"Y Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu Y, Ksherim B, Cohen R, Havlin S (2011) Percolation in interdependent and interconnected networks: abrupt change from second-to first-order transitions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys 84(6):066116","journal-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys"},{"key":"399_CR26","unstructured":"International Working Group on Cloud Computing Resiliency. http:\/\/iwgcr.org\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"399_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-022-00296-4","volume":"11","author":"I Kohyarnejadfard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kohyarnejadfard I, Aloise D, Azhari SV, Dagenais MR (2022) Anomaly detection in microservice environments using distributed tracing data analysis and nlp. J Cloud Comput 11(1):25","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"399_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2023.3236659","volume":"23","author":"Y Lou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lou Y, Wang L, Chen G (2023) Structural robustness of complex networks: a survey of a posteriori measures [feature]. IEEE Circuits Syst Mag 23(1):12\u201335","journal-title":"IEEE Circuits Syst Mag"},{"key":"399_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo S, Xu H, Ye K, Xu G, Zhang L, Yang G, Xu C (2022) The power of prediction: microservice auto scaling via workload learning. In: Proceedings of the 13th symposium on cloud computing, pp. 355\u2013369","DOI":"10.1145\/3542929.3563477"},{"key":"399_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore et al (2019) Network adaptations under cascading failures for mission-oriented networks. IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manag","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2019.2917934"},{"key":"399_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu Y, Liu F, Li Z (2018) Load balancing across microservices. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2018-IEEE conference on computer communications, pp. 198\u2013206. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486300"},{"issue":"10","key":"399_CR32","first-page":"921","volume":"46","author":"S Norton Stanley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Norton Stanley S, Sebastian S (2024) Elastic circuit de-constructor: a pattern to enhance resiliency in microservices. Int J Comput Appl 46(10):921\u2013932","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"399_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42400-021-00071-z","volume":"4","author":"VR Palleti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palleti VR, Adepu S, Mishra VK, Mathur A (2021) Cascading effects of cyber-attacks on interconnected critical infrastructure. Cybersecurity 4:1\u201319","journal-title":"Cybersecurity"},{"issue":"6","key":"399_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68002","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/92\/68002","volume":"92","author":"R Parshani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parshani R, Rozenblat C, Ietri D, Ducruet C, Havlin S (2011) Inter-similarity between coupled networks. Europhys Lett 92(6):68002","journal-title":"Europhys Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2024.3349408","volume":"17","author":"K Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng K, Wang L, He J, Cai C, Hu M (2024) Joint optimization of service deployment and request routing for microservices in mobile edge computing. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 17(3):1016\u20131028","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Serv Comput"},{"key":"399_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimentel E, Pereira W, Maia PHM, Cort\u00e9s MI (2021) Self-adaptive microservice-based systems-landscape and research opportunities. In: 2021 International symposium on software engineering for adaptive and self-managing systems (SEAMS), pp. 167\u2013178. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SEAMS51251.2021.00030"},{"issue":"2","key":"399_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.18517\/ijods.3.2.80-92.2022","volume":"3","author":"S Rabiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rabiu S, Yong CH, Mohamad SMS (2022) A cloud-based container microservices: a review on load-balancing and auto-scaling issues. Int J Data Sci 3(2):80\u201392","journal-title":"Int J Data Sci"},{"key":"399_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-6564-2","volume-title":"Cloud-based microservices","author":"C Rajasekharaiah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajasekharaiah C (2021) Cloud-based microservices. Apress, Berkeley, CA, pp 01\u201301"},{"key":"399_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103154","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3317695","volume":"11","author":"VS Rajkumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajkumar VS, \u015etefanov A, Presekal A, Palensky P, Torres JLR (2023) Cyber attacks on power grids: causes and propagation of cascading failures. IEEE Access 11:103154\u2013103176","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"399_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rzadca K, Findeisen P, Swiderski J, Zych P, Broniek P, Kusmierek J, Nowak P, Strack B, Witusowski P, Hand S (2020) Autopilot: workload autoscaling at google. In: Proceedings of the fifteenth european conference on computer systems, pp. 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387524"},{"key":"399_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA NS, Sebastian S (2023) Circuit breaker: A resilience mechanism for cloud native architecture. In: 2023 Global conference on information technologies and communications (GCITC), pp. 1\u20138. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/GCITC60406.2023.10426195"},{"issue":"1","key":"399_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-022-00358-7","volume":"12","author":"N Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh N, Hamid Y, Juneja S, Srivastava G, Dhiman G, Gadekallu TR, Shah MA (2023) Load balancing and service discovery using docker swarm for microservice based big data applications. J Cloud Comput 12(1):4","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"key":"399_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soldani (2021) What went wrong? explaining cascading failures in microservice-based applications. In: Service-oriented computing, pp. 133\u2013153. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87568-8_9"},{"issue":"5","key":"399_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800510","volume":"33","author":"W Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun W, Liu J, Yue Y (2019) Ai-enhanced offloading in edge computing: when machine learning meets industrial iot. IEEE Network 33(5):68\u201374","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"399_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang L, Bhandari C, Zhang Y, Karanika A, Ji S, Gupta I, Xu T (2023) Fail through the cracks: Cross-system interaction failures in modern cloud systems. In: Proceedings of the eighteenth european conference on computer systems, pp. 433\u2013451","DOI":"10.1145\/3552326.3587448"},{"key":"399_CR46","unstructured":"Tencent Cloud Incident Report. https:\/\/www.tencentcloud.com\/render\/details7"},{"key":"399_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamizar M (2016) Infrastructure cost comparison of running web applications in the cloud using aws lambda and monolithic and microservice architectures. In: 2016 16th IEEE\/ACM international symposium on cluster, cloud and grid computing (CCGrid), pp. 179\u2013182. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid.2016.37"},{"issue":"9","key":"399_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2955152","volume":"16","author":"T Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang T, Wang P, Cai S, Ma Y, Liu A, Xie M (2019) A unified trustworthy environment establishment based on edge computing in industrial iot. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 16(9):6083\u20136091","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"399_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.125989","volume":"574","author":"N Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang N, Jin Z-Y, Zhao J (2021) Cascading failures of overload behaviors on interdependent networks. XXPhys A 574:125989","journal-title":"XXPhys A"},{"key":"399_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.104008","volume":"133","author":"F Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang F, Magoua JJ, Li N (2022) Modeling cascading failure of interdependent critical infrastructure systems using hla-based co-simulation. Autom Constr 133:104008","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"1","key":"399_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3018687","volume":"8","author":"L Xing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xing L (2020) Cascading failures in internet of things: review and perspectives on reliability and resilience. IEEE Internet Things J 8(1):44\u201364","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"399_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang T, Lee C, Shen J, Su Y, Feng C, Yang Y, Lyu MR (2024) Microres: Versatile resilience profiling in microservices via degradation dissemination indexing. In: Proceedings of the 33rd ACM SIGSOFT International symposium on software testing and analysis, pp. 325\u2013337","DOI":"10.1145\/3650212.3652131"},{"key":"399_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102441","volume":"147","author":"Y Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu Y, Yang J, Guo C, Zheng H, He J (2019) Joint optimization of service request routing and instance placement in the microservice system. J Netw Comput Appl 147:102441","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"399_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu G, Chen P, Li Y, Chen H, Li X, Zheng Z (2023) Nezha: Interpretable fine-grained root causes analysis for microservices on multi-modal observability data. In: Proceedings of the 31st ACM joint european software engineering conference and symposium on the foundations of software engineering, pp. 553\u2013565","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3616249"},{"key":"399_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu R, Kilari VT, Xue G, Yang D (2019) Load balancing for interdependent iot microservices. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2019-IEEE conference on computer communications, pp. 298\u2013306. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737450"},{"key":"399_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang (2023) Robust failure diagnosis of microservice system through multimodal data. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 16(6):3851\u20133864","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2023.3290018"},{"key":"399_CR57","unstructured":"Zhang\u00a0QX WY (2023) Survey on service dependency discovery technology for microservice systems. J Softw. 1\u201318"},{"key":"399_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng C, Wang J, Si S, Li Z, Yu N, Sun L (2024) Momr: A threat in web application due to the malicious orchestration of microservice requests. In: ICC 2024-IEEE International conference on communications, pp. 3304\u20133309. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC51166.2024.10623095"},{"key":"399_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng C, Wang J, Si S, Zhang W, Sun L (2023) Chaindet: A traffic-based detection method of microservice chains. In: 2023 IEEE international performance, computing, and communications conference (IPCCC), pp. 194\u2013201. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCCC59175.2023.10253833"},{"key":"399_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110281","volume":"193","author":"X Zhong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong X, Liu R (2024) Robustness analysis of large scientific facilities development network with different cascading failure modes. Comput Ind Eng 193:110281","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"399_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2018.2887384","volume":"47","author":"X Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou X, Peng X, Xie T, Sun J, Ji C, Li W, Ding D (2018) Fault analysis and debugging of microservice systems: industrial survey, benchmark system, and empirical study. IEEE Trans Software Eng 47(2):243\u2013260","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Software Eng"},{"key":"399_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2023.129338","volume":"632","author":"L Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou L, Yin J, Tan F, Liao H (2023) Robustness analysis of edge-coupled interdependent networks under different attack strategies. XXPhys A 632:129338","journal-title":"XXPhys A"},{"key":"399_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou H, Chen M, Lin Q, Wang Y, She X, Liu S, Gu R, Ooi BC, Yang J (2018) Overload control for scaling wechat microservices. In: Proceedings of the ACM symposium on cloud computing, pp. 149\u2013161","DOI":"10.1145\/3267809.3267823"}],"container-title":["Cybersecurity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42400-025-00399-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42400-025-00399-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42400-025-00399-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:02:04Z","timestamp":1776823324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42400-025-00399-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42400-025-00399-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2523-3246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2523-3246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"59"}}