{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T09:21:45Z","timestamp":1767172905779,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) scanning mirror accelerates the raster scanning of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). However, the nonlinear tilt angular-voltage characteristic of a MEMS mirror introduces distortion into the maximum back-projection image. Moreover, the size of the airy disk, ultrasonic sensor properties, and thermal effects decrease the resolution. Thus, in this study, we proposed a spatial weight matrix (SWM) with a dimensionality reduction for image reconstruction. The three-layer SWM contains the invariable information of the system, which includes a spatial dependent distortion correction and 3D deconvolution. We employed an ordinal-valued Markov random field and the Harris Stephen algorithm, as well as a modified delay-and-sum method during a time reversal. The results from the experiments and a quantitative analysis demonstrate that images can be effectively reconstructed using an SWM; this is also true for severely distorted images. The index of the mutual information between the reference images and registered images was 70.33 times higher than the initial index, on average. Moreover, the peak signal-to-noise ratio was increased by 17.08% after 3D deconvolution. This accomplishment offers a practical approach to image reconstruction and a promising method to achieve a real-time distortion correction for MEMS-based OR-PAM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-020-00058-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T21:03:05Z","timestamp":1601413385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial weight matrix in dimensionality reduction reconstruction for micro-electromechanical system-based photoacoustic microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yuanzheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kedi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wuyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"58_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2018.03.016","volume":"45","author":"J Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao J, Wang LV (2018) Recent progress in photoacoustic molecular imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 45:104\u2013112 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2018.03.016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"58_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036,006","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.2.3.036006","volume":"2","author":"L Lan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lan L, Li Y, Yang-Tran T, Jiang Y, Cao Y, Cheng JX (2020) Ultra-efficient thermo-acoustic conversion through a split ring resonator. Advanced Photonics 2(3):036,006 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.AP.2.3.036006","journal-title":"Advanced Photonics"},{"issue":"4","key":"58_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730006","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545817300063","volume":"10","author":"W Qiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiao W, Chen Z (2017) All-optically integrated photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography: a review. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 10(4):1730006 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S1793545817300063","journal-title":"Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"58_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.002955","volume":"7","author":"MKA Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh MKA, Jaeger M, Frenz M, Steenbergen W (2016) In vivo demonstration of reflection artifact reduction in photoacoustic imaging using synthetic aperture photoacoustic-guided focused ultrasound (PAFUSion). Biomed Opt Express 7(8):2955\u20132972 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.7.002955","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"7","key":"58_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.003124","volume":"10","author":"HNY Nguyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen HNY, Steenbergen W (2019) Reducing artifacts in photoacoustic imaging by using multi-wavelength excitation and transducer displacement. Biomed Opt Express 10(7):3124\u20133138 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.10.003124","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"12","key":"58_CR6","first-page":"3371","volume":"11","author":"P Vincent","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vincent P, Larochelle H, Lajoie I, Bengio Y, Manzagol PA (2010) Stacked denoising autoencoders: learning useful representations in a deep network with a local denoising criterion. J Mach Learn Res 11(12):3371\u20133408 https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/1756006.1953039","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"58_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34803","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34803","volume":"6","author":"JY Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim JY, Lee C, Park K, Han S, Kim C (2016) High-speed and high-SNR photoacoustic microscopy based on a galvanometer mirror in non-conducting liquid. Sci Rep 6(1):34803 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep34803","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"58_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.004615","volume":"42","author":"H Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo H, Song C, Xie H, Xi L (2017) Photoacoustic endomicroscopy based on a mems scanning mirror. Opt Lett 42(22):4615\u20134618 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.42.004615","journal-title":"Opt Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"58_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.388863","volume":"45","author":"W Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang W, Ma H, Cheng Z, Wang Z, Xiong K, Yang S (2020) High-speed dual-view photoacoustic imaging pen. Opt Lett 45(7):1599\u20131602 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.388863","journal-title":"Opt Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"58_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15300","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.392493","volume":"28","author":"C Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu C, Xiong K, Ma Y, Zhang W, Cheng Z, Yang S (2020) Electrothermal-MEMS-induced nonlinear distortion correction in photoacoustic laparoscopy. Opt Express 28(10):15300\u201315313 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.392493","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"58_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.001190","volume":"9","author":"M Moothanchery","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moothanchery M, Bi R, Kim JY, Jeon S, Kim C, Olivo M (2018) Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on multimode fibers. Biomed Opt Express 9:1190\u20131197 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.9.001 ,190","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"2","key":"58_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2006.888257","volume":"25","author":"C Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee C (2007) A MEMS VOA using electrothermal actuators. J Lightwave Technol 25(2):490\u2013498","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"key":"58_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6149","DOI":"10.3390\/s100606149","volume":"10","author":"WC Chuang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chuang WC, Lee HL, Chang PZ, Hu YC (2010) Review on the modeling of electrostatic MEMS. Sensors (Basel) 10:6149\u20136171 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100606149","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"58_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30991","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229840","volume":"15","author":"H Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang H, Xu D, Zhang X, Chen Q, Xie H, Li S (2015) Model-based angular scan error correction of an electrothermally-actuated MEMS mirror. Sensors 15(12):30991\u201331004 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151229 ,840","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"58_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2212077","volume":"9708","author":"H Moradi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moradi H, Tang S, Salcudean SE (2016) Deconvolution based photoacoustic reconstruction for directional transducer with sparsity regularization. In: photons plus ultrasound: imaging and sensing 2016. SPIE 9708:474\u2013479 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2212077","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"issue":"5","key":"58_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.5.056011","volume":"19","author":"H Roitner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roitner H, Haltmeier M, Nuster R, O\u2019Leary DP, Berer T, Paltauf G, Gr\u00fcn H, Burgholzer P (2014) Deblurring algorithms accounting for the finite detector size in photoacoustic tomography. J Biomed Opt 19(5):1\u201313 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.19.5.056011","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"issue":"10","key":"58_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0095-3","volume":"1","author":"N Davoudi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davoudi N, De\u00e1n-Ben X, Razansky D (2019) Deep learning optoacoustic tomography with sparse data. Nature Machine Intelligence 1(10):453\u2013460 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42 ,256-019-0095-3","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"11","key":"58_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9110584","volume":"9","author":"C Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee C, Kim JY, Kim C (2018) Recent progress on photoacoustic imaging enhanced with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies. Micromachines 9(11):584 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi9110584","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"6","key":"58_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2010.02.018","volume":"110","author":"F Tabak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tabak F, Disseldorp ECM, Wortel GH, Katan A, Hesselberth M, Oosterkamp TH, Frenken J, Van Spengen WM (2010) Mems-based fast scanning probe microscopes. Ultramicroscopy 110(6):599\u2013604 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultramic.2010.02.018","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"58_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.6.000198","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Li M, Liu W, Sankin G, Luo J, Zhong P, Yao J (2019) Thermal memory based photoacoustic imaging of temperature. Optica 6(2):198\u2013205 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OPTICA.6.000198","journal-title":"Optica"},{"issue":"1","key":"58_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16565-2","volume":"11","author":"M Seeger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seeger M, Soliman D, Aguirre J, Diot G, Wierzbowski J, Ntziachristos V (2020) Pushing the boundaries of optoacoustic microscopy by total impulse response characterization. Nat Commun 11(1):2910 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41 ,467-020-16565-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"58_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s12200-017-0739-z","volume":"10","author":"XL Dean-Ben","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dean-Ben XL, Oezbek A, Razansky D (2017) Accounting for speed of sound variations in volumetric hand-held optoacoustic imaging. Frontiers of Optoelectronics 10(3):280\u2013286 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12 ,200-017-0739-z","journal-title":"Frontiers of Optoelectronics"},{"key":"58_CR23","volume-title":"Multi-image matching using multi-scale oriented patches, vol 1 IEEE Computer Society","author":"M Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown M, Szeliski R, Winder S (2005) Multi-image matching using multi-scale oriented patches, vol 1 IEEE Computer Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"58_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045601","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-2011\/11\/4\/045601","volume":"11","author":"H Estrada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Estrada H, Turner J, Kneipp M, Razansky D (2014) Real-time optoacoustic brain microscopy with hybrid optical and acoustic resolution. Laser Phys Lett 11(4):045601 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1612-2011\/11\/4\/045601","journal-title":"Laser Phys Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"58_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3585828","volume":"109","author":"Z Deng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deng Z, Yang X, Gong H, Luo Q (2011) Two-dimensional synthetic-aperture focusing technique in photoacoustic microscopy. J Appl Phys 109(10):104701 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3585828","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"58_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2371772","volume":"63","author":"M Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang M, Sampson R, Wei S, Wenisch T, Chakrabarti C (2015) Separable beamforming for 3-d medical ultrasound imaging. IEEE Trans Signal Process 63(2):279\u2013290 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2014.2371772","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"58_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2861400","volume":"38","author":"S Jeon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeon S, Park J, Managuli R, Kim C (2019) A novel 2-d synthetic aperture focusing technique for acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 38(1):250\u2013260 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2018.2861 ,400","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"58_CR28","volume-title":"Stochastic pooling for regularization of deep convolutional neural networks","author":"MD Zeiler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zeiler MD, Fergus R (2013) Stochastic pooling for regularization of deep convolutional neural networks. Eprint Arxiv"},{"issue":"04586","key":"58_CR29","first-page":"1171","volume":"1606","author":"M Sajjadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sajjadi M, Javanmardi M, Tasdizen T (2016) Regularization with stochastic transformations and perturbations for deep semi-supervised learning. CoRR 1606(04586):1171\u20131179","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"issue":"6","key":"58_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.213","volume":"35","author":"K He","year":"2013","unstructured":"He K, Sun J, Tang X (2013) Guided image filtering. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 35(6):1397\u20131409 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.213","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"58_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2013.07.017","volume":"105","author":"S Hu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu S, Wang LV (2013) Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy: auscultation of biological systems at the cellular level. Biophys J 105(4):841\u2013847 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2013.07.017","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"58_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0220-4","volume":"8","author":"J Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim J, Kim JY, Jeon S, BAIK JW, Cho SH, Kim C (2019) Super-resolution localization photoacoustic microscopy using intrinsic red blood cells as contrast absorbers. Light Sci Appl 8(1):103 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41 ,377-019-0220-4","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"58_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2265603","volume":"32","author":"A Sotiras","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sotiras A, Davatzikos C, Paragios N (2013) Deformable medical image registration: a survey. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 32(7):1153\u20131190 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2013.2265603","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"58_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2275233","volume":"32","author":"Z Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo Z, Cai J, Peters T, Gu L (2013) Intra-operative 2-d ultrasound and dynamic 3-d aortic model registration for magnetic navigation of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 32(11):2152\u20132165 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2013.2275233","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"58_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2011.07.012","volume":"37","author":"M Haghighat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haghighat M, Aghagolzadeh A, Seyedarabi H (2011) A non-reference image fusion metric based on mutual information of image features. Comput Electr Eng 37(5):744\u2013756 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2011.07.012","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-020-00066-6","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000}}],"container-title":["Visual Computing for Industry, Biomedicine, and Art"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42492-020-00058-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42492-020-00058-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42492-020-00058-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T19:57:33Z","timestamp":1632945453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/vciba.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42492-020-00058-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["58"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42492-020-00058-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-4442"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-4442","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2020","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}