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Currently, there is no treatment that can delay or stop the progressive brain damage in AD. Recently, we demonstrated that stem cell factor (SCF) in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (SCF+G-CSF) has therapeutic effects on chronic stroke. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether SCF+G-CSF can reduce the burden of \u03b2-amyloid deposits in a mouse model of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>APP\/PS1 transgenic mice were used as the model of AD. To track bone marrow-derived cells in the brain, the bone marrow of the APP\/PS1 mice was replaced with the bone marrow from mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Six weeks after bone marrow transplantation, mice were randomly divided into a saline control group and a SCF+G-CSF-treated group. SCF in combination with G-CSF was administered subcutaneously for 12 days. Circulating bone marrow stem cells (CD117<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells) were quantified 1 day after the final injection. Nine months after treatment, at the age of 18 months, mice were sacrificed. Brain sections were processed for immunohistochemistry to identify \u03b2-amyloid deposits and GFP expressing bone marrow-derived microglia in the brain.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Systemic administration of SCF+G-CSF to APP\/PS1 transgenic mice leads to long-term reduction of \u03b2-amyloid deposition in the brain. In addition, we have also observed that the SCF+G-CSF treatment increases circulating bone marrow stem cells and augments bone marrow-derived microglial cells in the brains of APP\/PS1 mice. Moreover, SCF+G-CSF treatment results in enhancement of the co-localization of bone marrow-derived microglia and \u03b2-amyloid deposits in the brain.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>These data suggest that bone marrow-derived microglia play a role in SCF+G-CSF-induced long-term effects to reduce \u03b2-amyloid deposits. This study provides insights into the contribution of the hematopoeitic growth factors, SCF and G-CSF, to limit \u03b2-amyloid accumulation in AD and may offer a new therapeutic approach for AD.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt67","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]],"date-time":"2011-03-17T07:16:55Z","timestamp":1300346215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor reduce \u03b2-amyloid deposits in the brains of APP\/PS1 transgenic mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria E","family":"Gonzalez-Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Shu","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger E","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ru","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"52_CR1","first-page":"19","volume":"58","author":"J Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu J, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Tejada-Vera B, Division of Vital Statistics: Deaths: final data for 2007. 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